Female’s Impact on Politics in The Aeneid by Virgil

In the opening books of the Aeneid, Virgil presents many different characters that play important roles and have influences on Aeneas’s journey. This includes not only mortal men and women, but also Gods and Goddesses. Throughout the plot, Virgil constantly addresses political issues through the actions of the characters. Of these characters, the female figures are often portrayed in a negative way. For example, they tend to act emotionally and in a way contrary to knowledge. This implies that women’s participation in politics may lead to negative consequences. Virgil shows women’s negative impact on politics by examining their unfavorable characteristics, such as irrationality, impulsive behaviors, and the selfish desires that often†¦show more content†¦Although Juno already knows about Aeneas’s fate and that it is determined for him to find Rome regardless of anyone’s involvement, she still continues with her childish actions and irration ally tries to stop his fate even though she knows she cannot change the end result. For example, she sends the goddess Iris to stir up discontent among the Trojan women, who are tired of traveling and would like to settle permanently in Drepanum because ‘’her old resentment still unsatisfied’’(Book V, line 801-802). By constantly delaying the Trojans’ journey, she hopes that they will not to be able to get to their destination. Virgil portrays Juno as an impulsive, fickle, and selfish character who acts irrationally and by her selfish desires. She acts contrary to her knowledge and takes her grudge against Troy upon Aeneas. By displaying her negative characteristics, Virgil tells the audience that women should not be involved in politics because they act emotionally and see their own desires as priorities. A leader who acts impulsively and does not care about the consequences of his or her actions can have a tremendously negative effect on the nati on. Similarly, Goddess Venus, who is also the mother of Aeneas, behaves just like Juno. Although her actions are all intended to aid Aeneas and his journey, she does not think rationally.

Nature And Nurture Language Development - 877 Words

Nature and nurture both play a significant role in language development. Language development refers to how children understand, organise, speak and use words in order to communicate at an effective, age-appropriate level (Karen Kearns, 2013, P.105). For centuries, theorists have been debating the roles of nature versus nurture. Although, each child’s language will develop at their own pace and there will be many individual differences based on culture, ethnicity, health and ability. As well as physical, social, emotional and cognitive development in which will contribute to a child’s language development. It is believed that babies develop language when they are in the utero and it continues throughout their lifetime. By twelve weeks old, babies may register the sounds they can hear and at the same time make basic visual, auditory and tactile mind maps (Karen Kearns, 2013, P.105). This allows the infant to turn towards any familiar sounds and noises. Babies begin to communicate with people around them quite quickly. By two months old, babies begin to make ‘cooing’ and other noises; this indicates the phonological component of language development. By six to nine months babies begin to experience with a mixture of sounds, and often you will hear a baby babbling. Babbling development is similar across many different languages and even hearing impaired babies will go through this stage. They may copy the sounds they are introduced too or beginning to recognize familiarShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture in Language Development1678 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Language? Langu age is a tool we have been using to understand and develop our thinking. We have been: Learning about the thinking of others by reading Expressing our own thinking through writing Exchanging ideas with others by speaking and listening Thought and language can contribute to clear, effective thinking and communication. Language is a system of symbols for thinking and communicating. At 5 years of age human is expected to have; Articulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000 wordsRead MoreRole of Nature and Nurture in Language Development3195 Words   |  13 PagesHow do both nature and nurture interact in the promotion of language development in young children? The debate between many researchers is the argument of whether nature or nurture play a more important role in development. In this essay I will be looking into both aspects of nature and nurture focusing specifically on their influence towards language development in children. A main controversial question I will be looking into is the question of whether are we born already equipped with mechanismsRead MoreOral Language And Development : Developing Language Through Nature And Nurture Theories Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Przybylo Oral Language and Development Developing Language Through Nature and Nurture Theories Language development is much more complex than one would think. Not only are there strategies and factors behind developing one’s native language, but there are also theories set in place to guide the steps of building language. On the other hand, nurture inspired theories (also know as empiricist) are based of factors in the environment. This means that people believe nurture theories are basedRead MoreWhat Roles Do Nature And Nurture Play On Children s Language Development?1054 Words   |  5 PagesWhat roles do nature and nurture play in children’s language development? From a baby s first word to their first complete sentence, there s a lot to debate with their language development. The average child has a vocabulary of up to six-thousand words by the time they turn five years old (Brighthubcom, 2016). Language development is one of the most critical roles for an educator in both early childhood and primary settings. It is this ability of language development that is particularly interestingRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Development At Childhood Stages1603 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Development Student’s Name University Name â€Æ' Childhood Development Introduction Twins who have the same genetic makeup raised up in a different environment have portrayed variation in performance and other dynamics of intelligence quotients, physical development, and socioemotional development. Research on adoptions has also revealed interesting results concerning biological and nature in the development of the children. Therefore, this raises the question about the roles of nature and nurtureRead MoreThe Effects of Nature or Nurture on Early Human Development Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesHuman development is a very complex process – from conception to death. There has been a long debate on whether human development is determined by nature or nurture. If their growths were all guided by nature only, they would all be born with a mind of â€Å"blank slate†. This means that they do not have any inborn ability to do anything when they are born. On the other hand, if their growth was determined by nurture only, it would mean that they were fully e quipped with all the skills they need inRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesarguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individualRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : Study Of How Humans Acquire A Set Of Semantic, Syntactic And Phonological Categories Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage Acquisition Language acquisition is the study of how humans acquire a set of semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological categories and rules that underlie their ability to speak and understand the language to which they are exposed. (Parker and Riley, 2005) Language is an understanding that truly makes us human. Yes, other species do communicate with an innate ability to produce a limited number of meaningful words, but there is no other species that can express sentences withRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past1433 Words   |  6 Pages Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers suchRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1366 Words   |  6 PagesPSYS 150 Assessment Task 1 Nature-Nurture Debate Scientists and biologist have argued the Nature versus Nurture debate for decades. This debate argues the degree to which our genetics or environment, affects our behaviour and developmental stages. Nature is described as the genetic material that makes up an individual. Nurture can be described as the way in which the environment and experiences of an individual influence their behavior and development. The debate has centered on which is a greater

Capital Asset and Pricing Model

Questions : 1.A Critical Assessment of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)You are required to- (a) Describe the Capital Asset Pricing Model, including the assumptions underlying the theory. (b) Explain the relationship between the Security Market Line and the Capital Market Line, using diagrams and examples to illustrate your explanation. (c) Briefly set out arguments in favour of and against - the theory, outline its uses and make a critique of its underlying assumptions. (d) dentify any alternatives which have been suggested in place of CAPM. (e) Conclude with an overall assessment of the theory and state any recommendations you may have from your study. (f) Conclusion a brief overall assessment of the CAPM theory. 2.You are required to work the following problem, using a discounted cash flow (NPV) analysis. Gordon Hall is considering replacing an old machine with a new one from Li Ho. The old machine (bought 5 years ago from Tom Lee) cost $340,000, while the new one will cost $280,000, fully financed by a 5 year 9% per annum interest only loan. The new machine will be depreciated prime cost to $50,000 over its 5 year life. Gordon estimates that it will be worth $40,000 (salvage value) after 5 years. The old machine is being depreciated at prime cost to zero over its original expected life of 10 years. However, George can sell the old machine today for $86,000. The new machine will save Gordon $70,000 a year in cooling costs. Other costs are that, one year ago, a feasibility study on the new machine conducted for Gordon by an external firm of consultants, cost Gordon $20,000. With the new machine, Gordon will also lose $10,000 of sales of another product to Tom Lee. With the new machine, a one-off amount of cleaning supplies (current assets) at a cost of $9,000 will be required, and Henry estimates that accounts receivable (also current assets) will increase by $14,000. Both of these increases in working capital will be recouped at the end of the new machines life in five years time. Gordons cost of capital is 9%. The tax rate is 30%. Tax is paid in the year in which earnings are received. (a) Calculate the net present value of the proposed change, that is, the net benefit or net loss in present value terms of the proposed changeover. (b)Should Henry purchase the new machine? State clearly why. Answers : (1)Introduction Capital Asset pricing Model (CAPM) has been on the most important theories related to financial management and modern financial economics that has applications in project financing and securities market with respect to estimation of cost of capital of the firms and evaluation of the performance of the portfolios respectively. It is one of the most widely used models although has been challenged several times with respect to its applications and accuracy. This essay provides the basic understanding of the CAPM by highlighting the assumptions underlying the theory. Further the relationship between the Security Market Line and the Capital Market Line is studied. The essay also discussed the applications, benefits and limitations of CAPM. Lastly the recommendations have been made for the alternative of CAPM or what adjustments can be made to CAPM to reduce the effect of limitations. Capital Asset Pricing Model CAPM provides the relationship between risk and expected return. This relationship is given by the mathematical formula Here is expected return is the risk free return is sensitivity of the asset to the changes in return on market is the expected return of the market The relationship that is given by the CAPM is useful in two ways. Firstly it provides benchmark rate of return that has to be expected from the given investment opportunities. Secondly it is employed for forecasting the returns to a certain extent. There are certain assumptions based on which CAPM has been developed. These are as mentioned below Risk Return interest of investors: The investors are risk averse and desire more return on investment. The risk will be avoided if the return is same on two investment options. Diversified portfolio is held by the investors: This assumptions is based on the fact that it has been assumed that there is no unsystematic risk and that Borrowing at risk free rate: Another assumption is that the investors can invest in high return investments by borrowing at risk free rate. Short Selling: There is no restriction on short selling in the market and all the investors can trade in all the available options. The buying or selling of the stock will not have any impact on the prices. Perfectly efficient market: It is assumed that the market is perfectly efficient and that same information is available to all the investors. There is no transaction cost or any other tax that is applicable. Based on these assumptions the CAPM model has been developed. The other aspects with respect to CAPM have been discussed below. Security Market Line Capital Market Line Capital Market Line (CML) is used in CAPM for illustrating the return from efficient portfolio which is dependent on the risk free rate and the level of risk associated with the portfolio. CML is the relation of return with risk measured in terms of standard deviation. On the other hand Security market Line (SML) shows the relationship between the beta of the stock and the return associated with it. The efficient frontier that has been shown in the above diagram is the set of all optimal portfolios that offer highest expected return for a given risk level or the lowest risk. The portfolios that lie below the efficient portfolio are over-valued as optimum expected return isnt there whereas the portfolio that are above the CML have higher risk. The equation of CML is shown below. The securities, asset or portfolio that are above the SML are underpriced whereas that below the SML are overvalued. One of the most important differences between the CML and SML is that CML is applicable to the portfolio whereas the SML is applicable for security, asset or portfolio. Further the other difference between the SML and CML is that SML identifies risk in terms of beta whereas in CML standard deviation is the measure of risk. Applications of CAPM CAPM has its applications in different segments. These have been discussed below Portfolio analysis: CAPM has its application in portfolio analysis. Based on the CML that has been discussed above it can be estimated whether the portfolio is under-valued or over-valued. Efficient portfolios lie on the CML. Further the assets that are above the SML are underpriced relative to as expected based on CAPM whereas the assets that lie below the SML are overpriced in relation to as signified by CAPM. Investment Decisions: the investment decisions with respect to the value of the project and the return it can generate may be estimated based on the CAPM. Applications to capital Budgeting: CAPM is employed for establishing the hurdle rate for the projects. Thus based on the CAPM WACC can be estimated which can further be used for the estimation of the Net Present value (NPV) or Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The above applications suggest that decision making has been simplified based on the CAPM model and the consideration may be given to other factors rather than the cost of capital or the estimation of returns at the primary level. Benefits and Limitations CAPM has been one of the most important and has been implemented vastly in various studies. There are certain benefits which support CAPM in contrast to other theories and models that have been developed. Systematic Risk Estimation: the linear relationship that has been mentioned above is represented by the Security market Line highlighting the relation between the beta, market risk and the expected return. Further the unsystematic risk is eliminated making the model quite simple and easy to understand and implement. The empirical testing of CAPM shows that despite its inaccuracies it is much more reliable than the other models such as arbitrage pricing model etc. It is believed that CAPM can be the basis for the further study and improvement in the estimation of return in comparison to other models. There are certain limitations of CAPM that have been discussed below Firstly CAPM is based on certain assumptions. The assumptions that have been mentioned earlier such as no transaction cost, taxes or effect of inflation on the market are unrealistic. This effects the reliability of the CAPM. For example in the recent past the CPM has poorly explained the stock returns in USA and UK market as there has been considerable impact of these factors. There are certain limitations with respect to the methodology that is adopted in CAPM. The return measured by the CAPM is a function of risk. The relative volatility of the investment is the basis of estimation of return. However this is important to understand that the volatility may be higher in comparison to what is depicted by CAPM. Secondly the index that has been selected as the market proxy may not be relevant enough to measure the returns on the investment. Lastly, as mentioned above the applications of CAPM is in estimation of weighted average cost of capital. Since CAPM uses historical data and it is expected that the same relation as depicted by the historical data will be applicable. However the impact of other factors impacting the performance in future also has to be considered. Conclusion Recommendations CAPM is certainly one of the most useful models that has its applications in budgeting, securities and project appraisal. The various benefits of the model show why this has been adopted across the financial sector. On the other hand the limitations highlight the need to conduct studies on the model and develop alternatives to CAPM and ways by which this can be implemented (Fletcher Kihanda, 2005). One of the ways is to introduce the parameters such as kurtosis and skewness in the CAPM. Certain recommendations have been discussed below to improve the reliability of the CAPM and reduce the limitations associated with the model. Multi Beta Models: CAPM is single beta model which is for highlighting the relation of return with the market. However there can be several other factors impacting the returns and thus it may be useful to introduce several other factors related to other factors impacting the returns Market Price Based Models: The beta calculated by the CAPM is based on the correlation of stock and the market, standard deviation of the market and the stock. The correlation factor may be highly unstable and may have huge variance over the period. The market based models estimate the relative risk and thus dispense off the correlation factors. The relative risk is estimated by the division of standard deviation of the stock by the average standard deviation of all the stocks in the market. This may be lengthy and complicated. Accounting based Models: This is the accounting based risk measurement also known as accounting beta. Under this method the detailed study of the cost structure of the company is conducted. Based on this asset beta is developed from the equation shown below This is more realistic as the return is dependent on the profitability rather than the movement in the stock price. Another method to use accounting information based model is creation of scaled risk measurement with respect to certain accounting ratio that is important from the viewpoint of the asset. Apart from this various other studies have been conducted and it shows that the validity of CAPM may be improved by using more data and data that isnt too old or is based on different market conditions. This ensures that the realistic market parameters and conditions are employed. (2) The NPV has been calculated for the proposal. This has been shown below Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Value of Old Machine 170000 Cost of New Machine 280,000.00 230,000.00 180,000.00 130,000.00 80,000.00 30,000.00 Depreciation/ Principal Payment 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 Loan for the year 255,000.00 205,000.00 155,000.00 105,000.00 55,000.00 Interest Payment for the year 22,950.00 18,450.00 13,950.00 9,450.00 4,950.00 Salvage Value of Old Machine 86,000.00 Salvage Value of New Machine 40,000.00 Saving in Cooling Cost 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 Loss of sales 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 Working Capital Requirement 23,000.00 Working Capital Recoup 23,000.00 Cash Flow 63,000.00 (12,950.00) (8,450.00) (3,950.00) 550.00 38,050.00 Tax - - - - 165.00 11,415.00 Net Cash Flow 63,000.00 (12,950.00) (8,450.00) (3,950.00) 385.00 26,635.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65 PV of Cash Flow 63,000.00 (11,880.73) (7,112.20) (3,050.12) 272.74 17,310.92 NPV 58,540.61 Several assumptions have been made. These have been mentioned below 1. No tax will be applicable on the sale of the old machine. This is because the originalprice of the machine is $340,000 and its life is 10 years. Since it is depreciated based on straight line method the value of the machine after five years will be $170,000. Since the machine is being sold at a price less than its actual value no tax will be applicable. 2. The depreciation that is being calculated for the new machine is considered as the repayment amount of the loan that has been taken for the purchase of the new machine. This has been reduced from the cash flow. 3.The interest is calculated on the average of the principal amount at the start of the year and that at the end of the year. 4. All the payments, savings, losses and sale are considered to be occurred at the end of the year. 5. At the end of five years, tax is paid for the sale of new machine for the amount in excess of the salvage value. After considering the depreciation of $50,000 for the five year period the salvage value is $30,000 whereas the sale of old machine is at $40,000. There is gain of $10,000 and tax has been calculated on this amount. 6. The working capital requirement is considered at the start of the year while the recoupment of this is considered as the gain and tax is considered on this as well. 7. The cost associated with feasibility study has not been considered as this is the sunk cost for the company. This is because even if new machine is not purchased the cost cannot be recovered. In the given situation the purchase of the new machine can be considered. This is because there is significant cash inflow and the NPV is positive. However further study with respect to the savings and the discount rate may be conducted. Even if the discount rate increase the cash flow will be positive as the inflow from the old machine is there. If this inflow from the sale of old machine is not considered, because there is loss of $84,000 in old machine, the NPV will be negative. Considering this the machine should not be purchased. However this may not be considered since only the cash flow will have to be seen. This has been shown above based on which NPV is positive. References Damodaran, A. (2011). Alternatives to the CAPM: Part 1: Relative Risk Measures. [online]. Fletcher, J. Kihanda, J. (2005). An Examination of Alternative CAPM-Based Models in UK Stock Returns. Journal of Banking Finance. volume 29. no. 12. Pp. 65-66 [online]. Knox, D.R. (2011). Examining CAPM in Today's Markets. Toms, S. (2012). Accounting based risk measurement: An alternative to CAPM derived discount factors. The York Management School. Working Paper No. 68. ISSN Number: 1743-4041. [online]. Machado, J.J.G. (2013). THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM). Fama, E.F. French, K.R. 92004). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Economic PerspectivesVolume 18, Number 3. Page 25-46. [online].

Ðhe economic burden of white-collar crime an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Еhe economic burden of white-collar crime White-collar crimes are the crimes committed by individuals belonging to the higher section of the society and who have a great amount of respectability in the eye of the public. Usually such crimes would be committed by the individual in their occupational role. Most of the crimes committed by the white collared individuals are deliberate and organized so as to gain financially or personally, using their power. These crimes may be handled by several means including not bringing the issue up to the court; using their administrative powers to cover up the case; proving that their actions are not crimes at all; and often implicated the individuals who had no power (who were often the middle and the lower classes). The lower classes are often implicated because:- Need essay sample on "he economic burden of white-collar crime" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Someone has to pay financially for the crimes of the white-collared staff and the middle and lower classes are involved as they do not have great powers Evidence is tempered and often the lower and the middle classes are implicated in the crime The white-collared staff often uses the middle-class and the lower-class as a public eye-wash. During the 1970s there was a rise in the number of white-collared crimes, and several people who had a lot of powers including businessmen, politicians, corporate personnel, etc, were involved in such crimes. Lets now take an example of how the crime committed by the white-collared staff would be shifted to the lower classes. A white-collared staff commits a crime involving misappropriation of funds and is taken to court. In the court of law, a target, witness and a subject would be present. In this case the target would be the white-collared staff and the witness would be a corporate insider. However, since the white-collared staff would be having power over the witness, he is likely to be favored and escape with this crime. If a witness not favored by the white-collared staff is brought in, he may have to enter into a felony guilty plea. A white-collared staff working for a governmental organization would be misusing the public or taxpayers money for his personal benefit. The higher affluent of the society would not mind paying for taxes. On the other hand, the middle and the lower classes would be feeling the pinch as the amount they have spend on paying taxes has been swallowed by the white-collared staff. As paying taxes have not provided them with any benefits, the middle and the lower classes of the society would be suffering most from the crimes of the white-collared staff. Frequently, an innocent person would be utilized by the white-collared staff for a cover-up. They would be utilizing their power to modify evidence so that they are able to escape with their crime and to involve the innocent middle and lower classes. Frequently, the middle and the lower classes are found guilty of the crimes that they have not even committed and are hence made to pay out of their pockets for the crimes of the white-collared staff. In a study conducted in the US, it was found that the white-collared staffs commit crimes in excess of two hundred billion dollars every year. On the other hand, if you take certain petty crimes such as burglary and theft put together, it costs only a fraction of the amount that is swallowed by the white-collared staff every year. However, the petty criminals who commit burglary and theft are more frequently prosecuted with severe punishments, than the white-collared staff (who swallow much larger amounts and escape scot-free). It is important to note that the defendants should not be punished based on the class of society to which they belong, but on the nature and the severity of the crimes. References: Florio, J. (2003). The Impact of Class Structure Hollander & Hanuka (2008). White Collar Crime Information: Criminal defense attorneys serving Florida's Gulf Coast Net Industries (2008). White-Collar Crime: History of an Idea - The Evolution Of White-collar Crime, Retrieved on June 15, 2008, from Net Industries Website: http://law.jrank.org/pages/2312/White-Collar-Crime-History-an-Idea-evolution-white-collar-crime.html Wisenberg, S. L. (2005). White-Collar Crime: The Crash Course, Retrieved on June 15, 2008, from Find Law Website: http://corporate.findlaw.com/litigation-disputes/white-collar-crime-the-crash-course.html