Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition

This paper explores the life and religious traditions of the Dalai Lama, and describes how he exemplified the Buddhism tradition. According to Smith (243), Dalai Lama was a political and religious leader of Tibet. He was selected to head the Tibet State at a very young age (16 years), but later went into exile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the numerous hardships and challenges he faced, he never gave up. He went ahead to advocate for freedom and managed to prove himself as a political and spiritual leader of the Tibet people. Several people regard Dalai Lama as both a godly king and a living Buddha. The increased love that Dalai Lama expressed for his people prompted him to draft several letters which he sent to different states such as Britain and America with the aim of seeking support for changing Tibet from an open State into an ind ependent or sovereign country. Although his plea was not accepted, this rejection did not prevent him from supporting his people. For instance, he confronted the authorities that had oppressed his people for a very long time. Dalai Lama did not seem to care for the consequences that would follow as a result of his engagement in political activities, and was ready to engage in extremely risky activities for the sake of his people. Quite a large number of people opted to follow Dalai Lama when he went into exile. They later helped him to form an alternative democratic government that accommodated educational and cultural institutions (Hattaway 161).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The numerous works of Dalai Lama made him to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1989. This award was mainly as a result of his establishing non-violent policies, and increasing fight for hum an rights in the country and other areas that had reported high cases of human rights violation. Apart from his participation in global environmental forums, Dalai Lama was always against the use of forceful ways in resolving problems. He expounded the importance of using peaceful means in resolving conflicts and exercising mutual respect and tolerance. His main purpose was to fight for full preservation of all forms of heritages that were valued by fellow Buddhists. When he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, he told his people that determination, courage, and truth would help liberate the Tibet people as they continued with their struggle for liberty (Harrington and Zajonc 13). Dalai Lama regards himself as a common Buddhist monk who is preferred by the Tibet people because of his warmth and simplicity. According to him, it is extremely important for people to exercise compassion, love, and forgiveness even in situations that appear very difficult for an individual to practice such virtues. Most of his teachings are based on spiritual enlightenment, and increasing a person’s understanding of the purpose or meaning of life. In addition, Dalai Lama finds it worthy for individuals to have productive qualities such as compassion, love, and an understanding of universal responsibility regardless of religious, social or political background.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although many people view Dalai Lama as a form of Buddha reincarnation, he believes that he is just a normal human being who has chosen to become a Buddhist monk for the sole purpose of serving his people (Harrington and Zajonc 19). It is important for people to recognize and respect the wisdom and words of Dalai Lama irrespective of whether he qualifies to be a Buddha reincarnation. This is based on the fact that Dalai Lama has gone to an extent o f risking his life so as to liberate his people. Dalai Lama’s religious tradition can be understood through quite a number of ways as discussed in the following paragraphs. Being the leader of modern Buddhism, he has managed to attract millions of people affiliated to Buddhism religion. Over the last fifty years, Dalai Lama has made tremendous efforts in modernizing and promoting Buddhism. This has consequently resulted into a profound impact in various areas of life and especially religion. After leaving Tibet in 1959, Dalai Lama embarked on preaching Buddhism to people from different parts of the world. Most of his religious activities were conducted in India where he had sought refuge. While in India, he managed to establish a number of education systems commonly known as Dharma Shala. These systems were used to teach traditions practiced by the Tibet people and they were also a way of maintaining the spirit of Buddhism faith. Dalai Lama’s religious activities reach ed a peak during the 1960s when he managed to visit close to sixty three nations by preaching Buddhism. By 2005, he had managed to make close to three hundred visits in different parts of the world in the course of spreading religious teachings.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through these visits, he helped to increase the image, profile, and the general awareness of Buddhism as a religion. His religious activities have transformed Buddhism into a popular religion within the new modern world. Several people from western nations who were previously associated with Christianity have changed to Buddhism as a result of Dalai Lama’s effort to promote and explain the importance of being part of Buddhism religion (Bradley 113). Another significant contribution made by Dalai Lama is his endless struggle to modernize Buddhism. Through his religious activities, Dalai Lama has established an appropriate platform for developing an association between various modern issues and Buddhism philosophies. For example, his speeches have helped people to gain a good understanding of the modern ethical issues that affect the society in a negative way. These issues include the increasing cases of abortion and other unacceptable sexual behaviors. In regards to abortion, Dalai Lama believes that engaging in such an act is just like committing murder to the unborn child according to the teachings from Buddhism religion. In his view, it is important for people to avoid engaging themselves in such acts because they are not merely causing the death of the unborn child; they also go against the teachings and doctrines of Buddhism religion. In order to help understand the contribution made by Dalai Lama in religion, there is great need for individuals to understand the humanistic religion that involves various activities carried out by people from different parts of the world. (Bradley 115). Dalai Lama believes that it is not possible for religion to pervade individual activities because it is not easy to group human life in different compartments. Historically, Dalai Lama was very open to dialogue especially when communicating to Christians. His dialogue focused on two factors. One of the factors was associated with his stay at exile where he experienced unique state of affairs including the India’s religious pluralism. His love for religion prompted representatives of different religious traditions to welcome him during his visit to Sarnath. It is worth to mention that Dalai Lama was not just welcomed by the members of the Buddhist religion; he was also received well by other religions including the Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. At one time, he carried out common religious functions with a catholic priest in spite of the sharp contrast between the two religions. Dalai Lama on behalf of other Christians, the two became very close friends to an extent of conducting both interreligious and intercultural dialogues together. The second factor which enhanced his religious activities was his dialogue with another monk by the name Thomas Merton. In some of his writings, Dalai Lama explains that the dialogue between him and Thomas greatly enhanced his attitude towards Christianity. Based on this, it is worthwhile to consider Dala i Lama as a strong link between Christianity and Buddhism. From a religious perspective, it can be said that Thomas Merton made significant contribution in strengthening Dalai Lama’s love for religion. With the help of Thomas, Dalai Lama was able to comprehend the importance of conducting dialogues involving people from different religions. Apart from helping individuals to have a good future, a dialogue increases ones understanding of various practices undertaken by individual religions (Mehrotra 188). In order to facilitate dialogue, Dalai Lama identified four techniques that could be used to convey an effective dialogue. To start with, he explained the importance of inviting scholars with different religious traditions in order to gain a good understanding of similarities and differences that exist between various philosophical traditions. By so doing, he emphasized that it would becomes extreme easy for individuals to enrich their thinking and at the same time acquire a d eeper dimension of different traditions. Secondly, Dalai Lama explained the benefit of holding frequent meetings involving practitioners with varying religious traditions. When conducting a dialogue, it is important to involve genuine practitioners who possess a unique experience in relation to the practices involving their individual traditions. Thirdly, Dalai Lama suggested that followers with varying traditions were supposed to comprehend the importance of conducting joint visits to the pilgrimage to provide them with an opportunity of coming together from where they can pray together and share their individual experiences. If it becomes impossible to conduct joint prayers, the followers can opt to conduct a silent meditation. The last technique identified by Dalai Lama focuses on the need for religious leaders to hold joint meetings or gatherings as a way of sending a powerful signal to their individual followers (Jha 85). If the leaders are not willing to come together, it beco mes extremely difficult for followers to do the same because they rely on their leaders for guidance. According to Dalai Lama, there is no need for an individual to change his or her religion. Instead, one should try to find alternative ways that can improve his or her religious practices. For example, a Buddhist who meets with a Christian should not convert his faith into Christianity. However, he should struggle towards becoming a better Buddhist. Although Dalai Lama is against conversions from one religion to another, many people from western countries with Christian background convert to Buddhists. This might be caused by lack of strong spiritual experience in Christianity (Bradley 18). It is also possible that people who choose to convert to Buddhism are not in support of institutional churches. This compels them to turn into Buddhism so that they can grow their spiritual way of life. It is vital to mention that Dalai Lama’s increased involvement in religious activities was boosted by his desire to realize a more transparent and democratic method of conducting religious successions while maintaining the reincarnation doctrine. His love for Buddhist teachings has enabled him to identify the interdependence that exists between the surrounding natural environment and people. He believes that different aspects in life are connected to each other and as such, individuals should regard all aspects of life as being equally important (Bradley 30). From the above discussion, it can be noted that Dalai Lama has made tremendous contribution to Buddhism religion. Although he faced numerous hardships and challenges when advocating for the freedom of the Tibet people, he never turned back. He opted to use alternative methods of liberating his people. His contribution to the welfare of the people involved the establishment of non-violent policies, and increased fight for human rights in the country and other areas that had reported high cases of human rights viol ation. Dalai Lama’s continuous struggle led to the Nobel peace prize award in 1989. His contribution to Buddhism religion was done through a number of ways such as the establishment of an appropriate platform for developing an association between various modern issues and Buddhism philosophies. He also emphasized the importance of conducting dialogues involving scholars with different religious traditions in order to gain a good understanding of similarities and differences that existed between various philosophical traditions. In addition, he introduced the idea of having joint visits to the pilgrimage so as to provide followers from different religions with an opportunity of coming together, praying together, and sharing their individual experiences. Through his work, one is able to gain a good understanding of the importance of establishing or finding alternative ways of improving personal religious practices other than opting to convert to another religion. In my view, Da lai Lama has managed to exemplify Buddhism tradition in a very effective manner. Works Cited Bradley, Paul. This Strange Eventful History: A Philosophy of Meaning : Pairs of Thinkers in Philosophy, Religion, Science and Art. New York: Algora Pub, 2011. Print. Harrington, Anne, and Arthur Zajonc. The Dalai Lama at Mit. Cambridge (Mass.: Harvard university press, 2006. Print. Hattaway, Paul. Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary. Carlisle: Piquant, 2004. Print. Jha, Rakesh. Sociology of Peace and Nonviolence. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003. Print. Mehrotra, Rajiv. Understanding the Dalai Lama. Carlsbad, Calif: Hay House, 2009. Print. Smith, Warren. China’s Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print. This essay on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition was written and submitted by user Lauren O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview We all know the line we’re supposed to work into the â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† section of the interview. Typically, we take a deep breath and ask our interviewer to talk us through a typical day in that particular office so that we can get a idea of the workplace culture. It’s a great question. But everyone is asking it, pretty much verbatim. Here are five alternative versions that will help distinguish you from your fellow interviewees, and will also be a refreshing way to get the same answers from your interviewer.1. â€Å"What do you feel prepared you most for this job?†It’s sort of a backwards way in, but you’ll find your interviewer will end up emphasizing the parts of her background that were most useful for acclimating to that particular environment. You’ll get a sense of the size and scope and daily feel of the company from which of her skills were the most appropriate preparation for the job.2. â€Å"What makes this [company] special?†No matter what kind of company it is, asking how it distinguishes itself from others in the field can be very revealing. If it’s all about hard numbers and results, that will tell you one thing. If it emphasizes personal relationships and loyalty, that’ll tell you something else.3. â€Å"Why are you excited about filling this position?†This might be the best way of discovering your boss’s goals and whether your vision of the job aligns with their vision of the job, or the particulars of what you’d be doing day to day.4. â€Å"How do your company’s values affect your work on any given day?†Probably best to do a bit of homework first and have a specific value in mind when you ask this one. One that company has been explicit about in its marketing materials or in the job listing. It’s a good way of showing off your thorough preparations for the interview, and also making sure the company is really do ing what they say they care most about.5. â€Å"How would you describe the leadership style here?†This is probably the best way of finding out if you’re going to be walking into a nest of micromanagers, without the stigma of actually asking that outright. And it’s a great way to see whether your working style will jive with your boss’s working style.

Sexism in different cultures and societies Research Paper

Sexism in different cultures and societies - Research Paper Example The above statistics clearly show that sexism exists in many forms in America. In schools, teachers, give more attention to the boys than the girls. They believe that boys are brighter than girls and should get more attention. In professional world, women are getting lesser salaries than men even though both of them are doing the same job. Many organizations in America have the belief that men can handle certain jobs better than women. For example, in the recently concluded American Presidential election, Hillary Clinton fought hard against current President Obama for getting the Democratic Party nomination. However, majority of the Americans, voted in favor of Obama because of their perception that a male President could be more effective than a female President. If we take the number of women presidents or prime ministers in countries worldwide, we can see that the number of females is much lesser than the number of males. Even in America like advanced country, people believe that men have superior abilities in taking decisions and handling pressure and this belief is definitely the contribution of sexism. The number of females going to colleges is less than the number of boys when we consider the statistics of boys and girls who attend the college education in America after their school education. This is because of the parental belief that giving college education to the boys is more important than giving college education to girls. If an American family faces financial problems in giving education to their children., they will stop the education of their daughters first and will try maximum to give education to their sons. Majority of the men in America believe that the primary role of women is to do all the housework at home. Only after the completion of the house works, men like their wives going for other professional works. McFadden (2010) has pointed out that in American society, â€Å"Women are still being fired for getting pregnant and getting demo ted

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example â€Å"Environmental Ethics† relate to ethical and moral standing, which provides recognition of distinguishing characteristics of environment.1 It is important to initiate such programs through which these environmental issues are addressed and taking such measures that can reduce their adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to have be proactive and be able to understand the human’s role concerning preservation of environment and natural habitat. There is an anthropocentric code of ethics, which takes into consideration, the moral aspects of a human being with environment. However, few thinkers argue that the code of ethics should not just be focusing on the human element, but it should also have moral standing and sentiments for animals and natural habitat. This is necessary in order to conserve the natural resources like river, lakes and other species of ecosystems.2 My ethical standing on these environmental issues is based on the different approaches of scholars. It has been noticed that the environmental issues, which are occurring, have a deep impact on human beings. The pollution, whether it is air, water or land diminishes the health of the individuals, the depleting effect of natural or even manmade resources are affecting the living standard of individuals specially the human beings. In some cases, if there is a reduction of natural sources of herbs and plants then it gives rise to reduction of potential natural medicines for various diseases. In the same way, if there is a natural disaster it affects our homes and living. This approach is anthropocentric which are concerned with cause and effects of nature and environment on human beings.3 In the contrary, there is a â€Å"non-Anthropocentric approach† to environmental ethics, which also takes into consideration of other factors of Eco systems like animals, flora and Fiona. It is necessary that while one remains focused on how the environment

Sunnyvale Foods Marketing Analysis Essay Example for Free

Sunnyvale Foods Marketing Analysis Essay Sunnyvale Foods is a brand of canned and frozen fruits and vegetables as well as condiments. While the firm has been around for over a hundred years, their profits have started to decline. From the statement given by the former president of Sunnyvale Foods, it can be deduced that the firm has a production oriented marketing concept. Rather than producing to meet a need, the firm is producing in anticipation of a need. Sunnyvale Foods focuses on mass marketing, aiming at â€Å"everyone† rather than target marketing a specific group (i. e. -busy families). The marketing mix is comprised of the â€Å"four P’s†: product, place, promotion, and price. The product is a line of 65 food items. The place is limited to chain supermarket stores limited by their ability to carry the entire line of 65 foods that the firm produces. Promotion of the firm as described in the case was vague but did mention sales promotion such as manufacturer’s coupons. The price is in the range of competitors but in today’s rushed society, many food brands don’t have the advantage of customer loyalty which results in losing customers to either the store brand or another brand that is offered on sale. The main competitive advantage of Sunnyvale Foods is the history of the business. Based solely on their 127 year old business, their name has become a reputable one. Their primary disadvantage is their vast line of products. By producing 65 different products, they lose advantages found in economies of scale. Also, by having a strict policy requiring stores that carry their product to carry all 65 items, they are given a disadvantage by limiting their potential retailer pool and complicating the process of resupplying inventory. To be stuck in the middle mean to be between differentiations, focus strategy, and cost leadership. While Sunnyvale Foods is focusing on one specific niche of the market, their differentiation is limited to various types of the same product rather than new products. Also, as stated in the case â€Å"no company in the industry has much effect on the price at which its products are sold. † The primary issue with Sunnyvale foods is that the firm is marketing for a production in a marketing company era. While the firm was very successful in years past, the market has changed and that needs to be recognized in their marketing strategy beginning with becoming a marketing oriented firm and finding a target market.

Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt

Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt Introduction The article I have chosen for my critical analysis is Criminals from A Sense of Guilty by Sigmund Freud (1914-1916). This critical review will look at the theory of Freuds psychoanalytic ideas of the relationship between the individual behaviours and the social world in connection with a crime. This reading is about the notion of unconscious and sense of guilty. Freud introduces a distinctive, an important feature in the social theory which is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a psychological perspective which investigates the interaction of the conscious and unconscious elements in mind. Freud offered explanations of how unconscious thoughts internalised as well as he talked about the rationality and irrationality in the human actions what is going on in their minds. This topic is quite distinctive from the rest of the previous topic we learnt so far which were theories of social life, society and sociological perspective as well as ideology. This topic focuses on irrationality and the guilty consciousness/ unconscious. Freud explains this subject as that the existence of feeling guilt conscious in the mind of the individual is present all the time. Freud tried to understand in his proficiency on the continuity of human mind in distinctive ways. It also looks at the different behaviours of individuals and how individual are prone to criminals due to their sense of guilt. Main body In the first passage, Freud states that his patients, those committed crimes were struggling from an oppressive feeling of guilt. Freud initiated on his article to talk about his regular observation of his patients in his care, and how often they provide their transgression of prohibited misdeeds they committed while in his care and afterwards. The short coming of this text is the author depends on his experience of his clients, instead of providing an empirical data. For stance, in the first paragraph, he indicated that early as before and after puberty, those in his care were committing misdeeds, but did not give exact age groups neither categories. He did not provide the number of people he treated and observed. Therefore, he did not offer a date to support the validity of piece. It is also not clear if he was given consent from his patients to share this information due to confidentiality reasons. This is because he does not discuss confidentiality and anonymity in his article. According to him, these crimes were committed by his patients while they were quite young in some cases. Offences committed at the time were theft, fraud and arson. He stressed that crime is committed due to its nature of prohibition, which he believes it gives mental relief to the individuals. Freud also believes some of this individual are suffering the burden of guilt and the oppressed feeling inside them from childhood, therefore, perfuming such misdeed is assigned to something deep (p. 332). This lacks clarification of the sense of feeling Guilt and what caused them to feel this guilt was limited in his explanation. I do not agree with Freuds claims that individuals feel a sense of guilt before they commit a crime. Whereas, I believe an individual can have sense of guilt after committing a crime because the individual know the consequences that comes with committing a crime. From the humiliation and isolation that comes along with the punishment. However, I do agree with Freuds claims that guilt is an internal feeling. Nonetheless, it is only after an incident takes place which could be subjected to fine or imprisonment. This is because these punishments make individuals worry about their actions which could then lead to a sense of guilt. In my opinion, I can feel guilty when I failed to follow the absolute law or commit crime/ sin, or any disobedience which is punishable. Therefore, I believe that the idea of guilt should relate to a violation of rights. Freuds theory talks about the development of criminal personality can be due to the way of a child had been brought up from an early age. The experience of early childhood could be one of the reasons that many children lead to developing a criminal personality when they become older. Therefore, Freud emphasised his patients had a past emotions manifested deep in their minds. I may agree to some extent. However, many children grew and develop their mental capacity and get over their past experiences, and some may affect them badly. Furthermore, in his period people may did have the sources and service that is available for many people today. The second elements of the reading on the fourth passages, obscure of a sense of guilt drived from Oedipus complex (p. 332). He claims the consequence of investigative work of human sense of guilt in general as a result is derived from the Oedipus complex and was a reaction to the two great criminal intentions of killing the father and having sexual relations with the mother (p. 332-333). This indicates how the child perceives the father as punishment figure inside him. The childs anxiety develops and his anger toward the father. Its way of showing a sense of strain within the household and the power of the father. Therefore, the pressure is already present in the house before thinking the social constraint in general. As a result of the sense of guilt is derived from here and this is the fundamental morality of humankind. Likewise, Freud had no evidence to back up his study. His claim is vague to me on how a child can have that capacity of a hate or love. Furthermore, children cannot develop sense of sexuality at this early stage particularly towards their parental mother. Freud was educating us about the psychological perspectives and its factors which drives individuals to commit crimes. However, in his observation it showed significant elements of psychological factors link with early delinquencies experiences. However, there is not enough evidence to back his claims of the factors which drive individuals to commit crimes. This is because he does not talk about the therapy treatment in which his patients had undergone. He also did not pinpoint nor highlight the prevention strategies in his article which could prevent them to commit such crimes. In conscious phantasy, because they already feel they are attacked and got hurt in their mind, and they use their mechanism defence, and what aver action is taking by these people to hurt others make them feel relieved. Therefore, this burden of guilt inside them, got them relieved by acting out this phantasy. According to Freud, the real punishment which is already inside them is agonising them before acting out. The third significant claim in the text is Pale criminality. Freud sat out the psychoanalysis interpretation of pale criminal (p.333), it is the principle of unconscious phantasy, the mental thinking and activity which is unique for those who have sense of guilt and drives to commit crime and desire for a punishment. However, they got relieved by acting out. Furthermore, he concluded his piece saying; Let us leave it to leave it to future research to decide (p.333), this undermines the value of his work and shows he had a sense that his study needed improvement and correction of his misrepresentation. Nonetheless, the author seems he did not fully achieve his intended goal as he left it for future. The samples and categories are not clear and the method used to arrive such conclusions. This shows his study is not broad. It is only in his clients which even lacks the number of people he treated. Furthermore, it is what his patients informed him its not shown if he conducted a academic research. In the absence of adequate detail, Freud lacks the depth in its explanation of this article. It is extremely difficult to assess the reliability of his studies and outcome. There is some ambiguity regarding the validity of his research, and some of the cases he observed as well as the conclusions he reached. Not only had he talked about childhood experiences and how past emotion drove people. Freud also explained human mind is so simple which lacks concrete. Conclusion To conclude that Freuds theory is known the unconscious mind, and his intention was to represent the criminal from sense of guilt. Some of the cases Freud investigates didnt specify how he carried out his research. Some of them informed about their misdeed and their sense of which driven to commit a crime, which didnt have conscious. Even though young people grew and leave some infantile sentiment behind, and some grew with the emotionals. As people grew older they develop mental capacity and throughout they learn from wrong and right. However, some people may commit crime for different reasons; due to being a hedonistic or mental disorder. Therefore, the people he treated was not clear what type of people and what condition they were suffering, was it some sort of mental disorder which either be treatable or section for public protection. My suggestion on this piece is it needs more research to be done based on the sense of guilt cause of the crime. Even though, Freuds experiments based on only some cases, however, psychoanalysis created useful elements which are useful in the criminal justice system to some extent which is prominent even though is helpful but yet not reliable hundred percent.

Loss and Gain of the Reformation Essay

During and following the Protestant Reformation, an innumerable measure of dignitaries lost, as well as gained a great deal due to the Reformation. Dignitaries or authority figures during this time period consisted of highly ranked members of the Church and Government. As a result of this 16th century movement, both were affected negatively and positively. The authority figure that lost the most was the Pope. It was established that the Bible held more authority than the Church in the 1400’s by John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia. Furthermore, they taught that the pope did not have the right to worldly power. At the start of the Reformation, many political leaders questioned his control and power. New ideas from the Renaissance had begun to challenge the Catholic Church. Individualism and secularism went against the Church’s beliefs. Not only did the pope lose all of his power, but the other church leaders did as well. When people didn’t believe in what the pope did, they founded new Christian churches that went against the pope’s decisions and wrongdoings. Consequently, the Pope and the rest of the catholic church’s leaders lost their authority and wealth. Just as the Catholic Church and the Pope lost a substantial amount of power and authority, the King and the Protestants gained what they lost. Since most people had nearly forgotten about Catholicism by now and reverted to Protestantism, the Protestant Church gained a lot of money through donations to reform the church past what had already been changed. Since the pope no longer ruled, it was left to the king to do what the pope no longer could. The king took control over the churches and established new churches, which they also regulated. Accordingly, the king gained the most out of the Reformation. As a result of the Reformation, the pope lost all of his power and the king gained it. There are vast differences from the beginning of the Reformation to its conclusion. If you were to look at the two periods in time, you would be able to tell how to pope went corrupt and how the king gained respect and held power over the churches.

How to Differentiate Hrd and T&D

In the early 1980s, the field of personnel management shifted its function from handling staffing and related administrative activities to the development of people as a resource of the organization (Sims, R. 2006). Thus, here comes the field of Human Resource Development (HRD). The term HRD started out first simply as â€Å"training†, then involved into â€Å"training and development†(T&D), and finally into HRD. Therefore, some confusion arise relating to the difference between Human Resource Development and â€Å"training and development†.In order to differentiate HRD and T&D, the author illustrates this essay by clarifying the definition of HRD and T&D, their respective main purpose, and the strategies of each term. I. Definition 1. Definition of HRD Because of the evolving nature of HRD, defining HRD is difficult. The first definition of HRD offered by Harbison and Myers related HRD to broad contexts, including economy, political, social and culture contexts, rather than just individuals and organizations.They defined HRD as a process to increase the knowledge, skills and capacities of all the people in a society: â€Å"In economic terms, it could be described as the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the development of an economy. In political terms, HRD prepares people for adult participation in the political process, particularly as citizens in a democracy. From the social and cultural points of view, the development of human resources helps people lead fuller and richer lives, less bound to tradition. †(Harbison and Myers, 1964)HRD was also referred as a learning experience provided by employees, leading to the improvement of their performance and/all personal growth (Nadler and Nadler, 1989). A recent definition from Swanson (2009) explained the term HRD as a process of developing and unleashing expertise which aimed at improving organizational system, work process, team, and individual performance . 2. Definition of T&D Generally speaking, training and development is defined as a field concerned with organizational activity whose objective is to improve the performance of individuals and groups in organizational context.To be specific, writers of some literatures have divided the term T&D into two independent parts: â€Å"training† and â€Å"development†. Separated definition for each word is created, which makes the definition of training and development quite straightforward. Training was defined as a â€Å"planned and systematic process to modify or develop attitude, knowledge or skills through learning experiences, to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. † (Garavan et al. ,1995; Harrison, 1993; Reid et al. 1994) .A separate definition of development was that â€Å"the growth or realization of a person’s ability through conscious or unconscious learning, which usually includes elements of planned study and experi ence supported by coaching and counseling† (Wilson, 1999). Similarities can be seen from these definitions that both HRD and T&D provide human resource with learning to improve performance. However, their emphasises are different according to the definitions. T&D focuses more on the improvement of individual performance, whereas HRD is a business approach which plays a crucial role in the improvement of whole organizational.II. Main Purpose of HRD and T&D 1. Main purpose of HRD The key functions of HRD are individual development, organizational development, career development and performance improvement. Actually, the main purpose of HRD is under debate of researchers and practitioners. Should it focus on increasing the performance requirements of its organizations and enhancing the productivity of the workforce or on developing the individual competency and skills? When practiced in productive organizations, HRD should contribute directly to the organization’s goal.As a result, performance improvement becomes the main purpose of HRD. There are many aspects that HRD could improve performance: individual, process, as well as organizational levels. For instance, performance is impeded when the goal of an organization do not fit various internal and external realities (culture, for example). HRD could solve this problem by formulating a goal that fit in the organizational culture while a culture change process being implemented in order to support the goal of the organization. 2. Main purpose of T&DIn many literatures, the purpose of T&D concentrates on individual development. There is need to train and retrain the employees on continuous basis. T&D has the goal of influencing basic values and beliefs of individual. Meanwhile, there are also technical and management T&D programmes related to systems and procedures appeal to the inherent logic, and the planning methods and people skills appeal to the strategies of succeed. The relationship (or differe nce) of HRD and T&D (and other HRD functions) could be illustrated by figure1:Figure1 (Haslinda, 2009) Although the main purpose of T&D is individual development, which is one of the four key functions of HRD, we can not say that T&D is a subset of HRD. HRD and T&D are discrete entities. HRD is the integrated use of T&D, organizational development, career development and performance development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. III. Strategies of HRD and T&D 1. Strategies of HRD To contribute to the goals and missions of the organization, efforts of making HRD strategies must take place.First, there should be a clear overview of the relationship between the organization’s missions, strategic agenda, and competitive environment. Followed by an assessment of the current capacity of workforce, special needs are identified. An evaluation system needs to be built in order to examine if the target competencies indeed enhance the actualization of organi zational goals. Finally, the organization needs senior leadership and a culture that support lifelong learning of the work role of each employee. 2. Strategies of T&DTraining and development in an organization also requires a mechanism that establishes the competencies required by an organization to achieve success. Therefore, the strategy of T&D includes 1) identifying the employees’ training needs, 2) finding out the HR strategic plan, 3) establishing personal developing plans and 4) evaluating the T&D outcomes by assessment. The process could be revised over and over again. The strategies of HRD and T&D have several points in common. However, those tiny distinctions make HRD a more strategically orientated organizational process.

Free Essays on Management Competencies

Managerial Assessment of Proficiency Is the tool for identifying managerial strengths and needs. The Twelve Competencies ADMINISTRATIVE Managing Your Job COMMUNICATION Relating to Others SUPERVISORY Building the Team COGNITIVE Thinking Clearly Time Management and Prioritizing Listening and Organizing Training, Coaching and Delegating Identifying and Solving Problems Setting Goals and Standards Giving Clear Information Appraising People and Performance Making Decisions, Weighing Risk Planning and Scheduling Work Getting Unbiased Information Disciplining and Counseling Thinking Clearly and Analytically 1. Time Management and Prioritizing Ability to manage time, both your own and others. Includes such skills as negotiating priorities; exercising self-discipline; controlling interruptions by shaping the behavior of others whose priorities are not your own; being time-effective versus time-efficient. 2. Setting Goals and Standards Ability to manage activities and projects toward measurable goals and standards, setting theses jointly with others so as to develop their understanding and commitment. Includes the following skills: distinguishing among wishes, activities and quotas: reducing barriers to the goal-setting process; evaluating goals against the major criteria of effective goal setting; using goals to motivate. 3. Planning and Scheduling Work Ability to manage projects (one-time programs) and processes (ongoing work flow) by applying the major tools and techniques of management includes the following skills: analyzing complex tasks and breaking them into manageable units; selecting and managing resources appropriate to the task; using the systems and techniques to plan and schedule the work; setting checkpoints and controls for monitoring progress. 4. Listening and Organizing Ability to understand, organizes, and analyzes what you are hearing so as to decide what to think and do ... Free Essays on Management Competencies Free Essays on Management Competencies Managerial Assessment of Proficiency Is the tool for identifying managerial strengths and needs. The Twelve Competencies ADMINISTRATIVE Managing Your Job COMMUNICATION Relating to Others SUPERVISORY Building the Team COGNITIVE Thinking Clearly Time Management and Prioritizing Listening and Organizing Training, Coaching and Delegating Identifying and Solving Problems Setting Goals and Standards Giving Clear Information Appraising People and Performance Making Decisions, Weighing Risk Planning and Scheduling Work Getting Unbiased Information Disciplining and Counseling Thinking Clearly and Analytically 1. Time Management and Prioritizing Ability to manage time, both your own and others. Includes such skills as negotiating priorities; exercising self-discipline; controlling interruptions by shaping the behavior of others whose priorities are not your own; being time-effective versus time-efficient. 2. Setting Goals and Standards Ability to manage activities and projects toward measurable goals and standards, setting theses jointly with others so as to develop their understanding and commitment. Includes the following skills: distinguishing among wishes, activities and quotas: reducing barriers to the goal-setting process; evaluating goals against the major criteria of effective goal setting; using goals to motivate. 3. Planning and Scheduling Work Ability to manage projects (one-time programs) and processes (ongoing work flow) by applying the major tools and techniques of management includes the following skills: analyzing complex tasks and breaking them into manageable units; selecting and managing resources appropriate to the task; using the systems and techniques to plan and schedule the work; setting checkpoints and controls for monitoring progress. 4. Listening and Organizing Ability to understand, organizes, and analyzes what you are hearing so as to decide what to think and do ...

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work The transition out of college and into working life can be a bumpy one. There’s more competition for fewer jobs than ever. Here are 4 tips for how to maximize your chances of a smooth path  into your career. 1. Find an Internship Early OnA challenging internship in the field you’d like to enter is one of the best ways to set yourself up for career success while you’re still in school. This shows initiative, your ability to win competitive positions, and gives you a bunch of professional experience in your field before you’ve even graduated. Make sure to pick one that is as challenging, prestigious, and productive as possible- not to mention one that is a good fit for you. Do a bit of research first, then make the absolute most of it. Do your best to dazzle your superiors and keep in touch. They could be great resources for recommendations in your first job applications.2. Pretend you’re already in your careerWhile you’re working your part-t ime jobs and internships in college, don’t just treat them like side work while you finish your degree. Treat them like your first- or fifth!- adult job in your field. Treat your undergraduate present like your career future and you’ll be setting yourself up very well to step into that future when the time comes.3. Reach out and create a networkIt is crucial to be proactive and show the kind of initiative recruiters look for in an applicant. Go above and beyond every chance you get. Seek out mentors at your internships and jobs and express your interest to maximize your potential- and your resume. Set goals for yourself and keep yourself honest so you make sure to meet them- and keep meeting them.4. Get promotedThere are always opportunities for advancement and promotion. Seek these out early and often. Set up job alerts. Try working for larger companies that have multiple avenues to jobs higher up the ladder. Don’t get complacent in any one position. If you let everyone know you’re hungry, eager to keep learning and advancing, and you can prove your mettle, eventually your bosses and coworkers will know to think of you first when opportunities arise.

Marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing assignment - Essay Example We are now in an age where taking care of children is already a shared responsibility and as such, she should widen her segmentation to include the husband as well. Instead of just women, she should target both the mother and father who shares the parenting responsibility. Such, the best market for Trap-Ease are parents and not solely women. Martha should also capitalized on the non-poison aspect of controlling the mouse problem. Such, she should also target the environmentalist who are concerned with the use of poison in controlling the rodents as it contributes to global warming. Companies and industrial sites should also be targeted as they too have a pest issue to contend. The specification of Trap-Ease suits them as the product is well-designed that its aesthetics will fit the corporate and industrial setting. 4) Describe the current marketing mix for Trap-Ease. Do you see any problems with this mix? For the marketing mix of introducing her product to its target market, Martha h as Trap-Ease as a product. Her pricing seems to be okay because there is no apparent price resistance with the product. Given the cost that she needs to recoup, it is not advisable for her to cut its price but she just have to work on the scale of her sales.

Carbon Cap and Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon Cap and Trade - Research Paper Example Watch CO2Â  Now.org, the annual trend of CO2 emission has been on the rise since 1959 when the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere was 315.97 ppm. In 2014, the amount had spiraled to 398.55 ppm. As such many countries have joined in the race to reduce the rate of carbon emission into the atmosphere by enacting environmental policies aimed at cutting down the volume of CO2 released into the atmosphere through human activities and oblige to the Kyoto Protocol. Having gone through an introduction to the state of global CO2 emission, it is prudent to look at policies countries are implementing to reduce the rate of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. This paper focuses on Carbon Cap and Trade as a means of reducing the emissions of CO2 through human activities. Cap and trade refers to an environmental policy mechanism that achieves its mission by imposing mandatory cap on carbon emissions. According to this mechanism, a regulatory body, for example, the federal government, device and puts a cap on the acceptable volumes of emission of a pollutant (CO2) for specified polluters such as manufacturing companies. The overall amount of permissible emissions under the cap is apportioned into single permits. Emission permits are permits that give polluters the right to emit certain ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. Each permit gives the authority to emit a given volume of the pollutant. These permits are then distributed to polluters covered by the program. The cap specifies the maximum amount of tons of carbon that a polluter is allowed to emit. The cap limits the number of permits that can be issued to polluters, thus making the permits financially valuable items that can be bought and sold in an open market. Consequently, companies that are capab le of lowering their emissions at cheaply can sell their surplus permits to companies with high cost of reducing emissions. This approach offers companies the freedom to choose how to meet their emission targets. However, market