Female’s Impact on Politics in The Aeneid by Virgil

In the opening books of the Aeneid, Virgil presents many different characters that play important roles and have influences on Aeneas’s journey. This includes not only mortal men and women, but also Gods and Goddesses. Throughout the plot, Virgil constantly addresses political issues through the actions of the characters. Of these characters, the female figures are often portrayed in a negative way. For example, they tend to act emotionally and in a way contrary to knowledge. This implies that women’s participation in politics may lead to negative consequences. Virgil shows women’s negative impact on politics by examining their unfavorable characteristics, such as irrationality, impulsive behaviors, and the selfish desires that often†¦show more content†¦Although Juno already knows about Aeneas’s fate and that it is determined for him to find Rome regardless of anyone’s involvement, she still continues with her childish actions and irration ally tries to stop his fate even though she knows she cannot change the end result. For example, she sends the goddess Iris to stir up discontent among the Trojan women, who are tired of traveling and would like to settle permanently in Drepanum because ‘’her old resentment still unsatisfied’’(Book V, line 801-802). By constantly delaying the Trojans’ journey, she hopes that they will not to be able to get to their destination. Virgil portrays Juno as an impulsive, fickle, and selfish character who acts irrationally and by her selfish desires. She acts contrary to her knowledge and takes her grudge against Troy upon Aeneas. By displaying her negative characteristics, Virgil tells the audience that women should not be involved in politics because they act emotionally and see their own desires as priorities. A leader who acts impulsively and does not care about the consequences of his or her actions can have a tremendously negative effect on the nati on. Similarly, Goddess Venus, who is also the mother of Aeneas, behaves just like Juno. Although her actions are all intended to aid Aeneas and his journey, she does not think rationally.

Nature And Nurture Language Development - 877 Words

Nature and nurture both play a significant role in language development. Language development refers to how children understand, organise, speak and use words in order to communicate at an effective, age-appropriate level (Karen Kearns, 2013, P.105). For centuries, theorists have been debating the roles of nature versus nurture. Although, each child’s language will develop at their own pace and there will be many individual differences based on culture, ethnicity, health and ability. As well as physical, social, emotional and cognitive development in which will contribute to a child’s language development. It is believed that babies develop language when they are in the utero and it continues throughout their lifetime. By twelve weeks old, babies may register the sounds they can hear and at the same time make basic visual, auditory and tactile mind maps (Karen Kearns, 2013, P.105). This allows the infant to turn towards any familiar sounds and noises. Babies begin to communicate with people around them quite quickly. By two months old, babies begin to make ‘cooing’ and other noises; this indicates the phonological component of language development. By six to nine months babies begin to experience with a mixture of sounds, and often you will hear a baby babbling. Babbling development is similar across many different languages and even hearing impaired babies will go through this stage. They may copy the sounds they are introduced too or beginning to recognize familiarShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture in Language Development1678 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Language? Langu age is a tool we have been using to understand and develop our thinking. We have been: Learning about the thinking of others by reading Expressing our own thinking through writing Exchanging ideas with others by speaking and listening Thought and language can contribute to clear, effective thinking and communication. Language is a system of symbols for thinking and communicating. At 5 years of age human is expected to have; Articulated speech, Vocabulary of more than 6000 wordsRead MoreRole of Nature and Nurture in Language Development3195 Words   |  13 PagesHow do both nature and nurture interact in the promotion of language development in young children? The debate between many researchers is the argument of whether nature or nurture play a more important role in development. In this essay I will be looking into both aspects of nature and nurture focusing specifically on their influence towards language development in children. A main controversial question I will be looking into is the question of whether are we born already equipped with mechanismsRead MoreOral Language And Development : Developing Language Through Nature And Nurture Theories Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Przybylo Oral Language and Development Developing Language Through Nature and Nurture Theories Language development is much more complex than one would think. Not only are there strategies and factors behind developing one’s native language, but there are also theories set in place to guide the steps of building language. On the other hand, nurture inspired theories (also know as empiricist) are based of factors in the environment. This means that people believe nurture theories are basedRead MoreWhat Roles Do Nature And Nurture Play On Children s Language Development?1054 Words   |  5 PagesWhat roles do nature and nurture play in children’s language development? From a baby s first word to their first complete sentence, there s a lot to debate with their language development. The average child has a vocabulary of up to six-thousand words by the time they turn five years old (Brighthubcom, 2016). Language development is one of the most critical roles for an educator in both early childhood and primary settings. It is this ability of language development that is particularly interestingRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture Development At Childhood Stages1603 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Development Student’s Name University Name â€Æ' Childhood Development Introduction Twins who have the same genetic makeup raised up in a different environment have portrayed variation in performance and other dynamics of intelligence quotients, physical development, and socioemotional development. Research on adoptions has also revealed interesting results concerning biological and nature in the development of the children. Therefore, this raises the question about the roles of nature and nurtureRead MoreThe Effects of Nature or Nurture on Early Human Development Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesHuman development is a very complex process – from conception to death. There has been a long debate on whether human development is determined by nature or nurture. If their growths were all guided by nature only, they would all be born with a mind of â€Å"blank slate†. This means that they do not have any inborn ability to do anything when they are born. On the other hand, if their growth was determined by nurture only, it would mean that they were fully e quipped with all the skills they need inRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pagesarguments in the history of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individualRead MoreLanguage Acquisition : Study Of How Humans Acquire A Set Of Semantic, Syntactic And Phonological Categories Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage Acquisition Language acquisition is the study of how humans acquire a set of semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological categories and rules that underlie their ability to speak and understand the language to which they are exposed. (Parker and Riley, 2005) Language is an understanding that truly makes us human. Yes, other species do communicate with an innate ability to produce a limited number of meaningful words, but there is no other species that can express sentences withRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past1433 Words   |  6 Pages Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers suchRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1366 Words   |  6 PagesPSYS 150 Assessment Task 1 Nature-Nurture Debate Scientists and biologist have argued the Nature versus Nurture debate for decades. This debate argues the degree to which our genetics or environment, affects our behaviour and developmental stages. Nature is described as the genetic material that makes up an individual. Nurture can be described as the way in which the environment and experiences of an individual influence their behavior and development. The debate has centered on which is a greater

Capital Asset and Pricing Model

Questions : 1.A Critical Assessment of The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)You are required to- (a) Describe the Capital Asset Pricing Model, including the assumptions underlying the theory. (b) Explain the relationship between the Security Market Line and the Capital Market Line, using diagrams and examples to illustrate your explanation. (c) Briefly set out arguments in favour of and against - the theory, outline its uses and make a critique of its underlying assumptions. (d) dentify any alternatives which have been suggested in place of CAPM. (e) Conclude with an overall assessment of the theory and state any recommendations you may have from your study. (f) Conclusion a brief overall assessment of the CAPM theory. 2.You are required to work the following problem, using a discounted cash flow (NPV) analysis. Gordon Hall is considering replacing an old machine with a new one from Li Ho. The old machine (bought 5 years ago from Tom Lee) cost $340,000, while the new one will cost $280,000, fully financed by a 5 year 9% per annum interest only loan. The new machine will be depreciated prime cost to $50,000 over its 5 year life. Gordon estimates that it will be worth $40,000 (salvage value) after 5 years. The old machine is being depreciated at prime cost to zero over its original expected life of 10 years. However, George can sell the old machine today for $86,000. The new machine will save Gordon $70,000 a year in cooling costs. Other costs are that, one year ago, a feasibility study on the new machine conducted for Gordon by an external firm of consultants, cost Gordon $20,000. With the new machine, Gordon will also lose $10,000 of sales of another product to Tom Lee. With the new machine, a one-off amount of cleaning supplies (current assets) at a cost of $9,000 will be required, and Henry estimates that accounts receivable (also current assets) will increase by $14,000. Both of these increases in working capital will be recouped at the end of the new machines life in five years time. Gordons cost of capital is 9%. The tax rate is 30%. Tax is paid in the year in which earnings are received. (a) Calculate the net present value of the proposed change, that is, the net benefit or net loss in present value terms of the proposed changeover. (b)Should Henry purchase the new machine? State clearly why. Answers : (1)Introduction Capital Asset pricing Model (CAPM) has been on the most important theories related to financial management and modern financial economics that has applications in project financing and securities market with respect to estimation of cost of capital of the firms and evaluation of the performance of the portfolios respectively. It is one of the most widely used models although has been challenged several times with respect to its applications and accuracy. This essay provides the basic understanding of the CAPM by highlighting the assumptions underlying the theory. Further the relationship between the Security Market Line and the Capital Market Line is studied. The essay also discussed the applications, benefits and limitations of CAPM. Lastly the recommendations have been made for the alternative of CAPM or what adjustments can be made to CAPM to reduce the effect of limitations. Capital Asset Pricing Model CAPM provides the relationship between risk and expected return. This relationship is given by the mathematical formula Here is expected return is the risk free return is sensitivity of the asset to the changes in return on market is the expected return of the market The relationship that is given by the CAPM is useful in two ways. Firstly it provides benchmark rate of return that has to be expected from the given investment opportunities. Secondly it is employed for forecasting the returns to a certain extent. There are certain assumptions based on which CAPM has been developed. These are as mentioned below Risk Return interest of investors: The investors are risk averse and desire more return on investment. The risk will be avoided if the return is same on two investment options. Diversified portfolio is held by the investors: This assumptions is based on the fact that it has been assumed that there is no unsystematic risk and that Borrowing at risk free rate: Another assumption is that the investors can invest in high return investments by borrowing at risk free rate. Short Selling: There is no restriction on short selling in the market and all the investors can trade in all the available options. The buying or selling of the stock will not have any impact on the prices. Perfectly efficient market: It is assumed that the market is perfectly efficient and that same information is available to all the investors. There is no transaction cost or any other tax that is applicable. Based on these assumptions the CAPM model has been developed. The other aspects with respect to CAPM have been discussed below. Security Market Line Capital Market Line Capital Market Line (CML) is used in CAPM for illustrating the return from efficient portfolio which is dependent on the risk free rate and the level of risk associated with the portfolio. CML is the relation of return with risk measured in terms of standard deviation. On the other hand Security market Line (SML) shows the relationship between the beta of the stock and the return associated with it. The efficient frontier that has been shown in the above diagram is the set of all optimal portfolios that offer highest expected return for a given risk level or the lowest risk. The portfolios that lie below the efficient portfolio are over-valued as optimum expected return isnt there whereas the portfolio that are above the CML have higher risk. The equation of CML is shown below. The securities, asset or portfolio that are above the SML are underpriced whereas that below the SML are overvalued. One of the most important differences between the CML and SML is that CML is applicable to the portfolio whereas the SML is applicable for security, asset or portfolio. Further the other difference between the SML and CML is that SML identifies risk in terms of beta whereas in CML standard deviation is the measure of risk. Applications of CAPM CAPM has its applications in different segments. These have been discussed below Portfolio analysis: CAPM has its application in portfolio analysis. Based on the CML that has been discussed above it can be estimated whether the portfolio is under-valued or over-valued. Efficient portfolios lie on the CML. Further the assets that are above the SML are underpriced relative to as expected based on CAPM whereas the assets that lie below the SML are overpriced in relation to as signified by CAPM. Investment Decisions: the investment decisions with respect to the value of the project and the return it can generate may be estimated based on the CAPM. Applications to capital Budgeting: CAPM is employed for establishing the hurdle rate for the projects. Thus based on the CAPM WACC can be estimated which can further be used for the estimation of the Net Present value (NPV) or Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The above applications suggest that decision making has been simplified based on the CAPM model and the consideration may be given to other factors rather than the cost of capital or the estimation of returns at the primary level. Benefits and Limitations CAPM has been one of the most important and has been implemented vastly in various studies. There are certain benefits which support CAPM in contrast to other theories and models that have been developed. Systematic Risk Estimation: the linear relationship that has been mentioned above is represented by the Security market Line highlighting the relation between the beta, market risk and the expected return. Further the unsystematic risk is eliminated making the model quite simple and easy to understand and implement. The empirical testing of CAPM shows that despite its inaccuracies it is much more reliable than the other models such as arbitrage pricing model etc. It is believed that CAPM can be the basis for the further study and improvement in the estimation of return in comparison to other models. There are certain limitations of CAPM that have been discussed below Firstly CAPM is based on certain assumptions. The assumptions that have been mentioned earlier such as no transaction cost, taxes or effect of inflation on the market are unrealistic. This effects the reliability of the CAPM. For example in the recent past the CPM has poorly explained the stock returns in USA and UK market as there has been considerable impact of these factors. There are certain limitations with respect to the methodology that is adopted in CAPM. The return measured by the CAPM is a function of risk. The relative volatility of the investment is the basis of estimation of return. However this is important to understand that the volatility may be higher in comparison to what is depicted by CAPM. Secondly the index that has been selected as the market proxy may not be relevant enough to measure the returns on the investment. Lastly, as mentioned above the applications of CAPM is in estimation of weighted average cost of capital. Since CAPM uses historical data and it is expected that the same relation as depicted by the historical data will be applicable. However the impact of other factors impacting the performance in future also has to be considered. Conclusion Recommendations CAPM is certainly one of the most useful models that has its applications in budgeting, securities and project appraisal. The various benefits of the model show why this has been adopted across the financial sector. On the other hand the limitations highlight the need to conduct studies on the model and develop alternatives to CAPM and ways by which this can be implemented (Fletcher Kihanda, 2005). One of the ways is to introduce the parameters such as kurtosis and skewness in the CAPM. Certain recommendations have been discussed below to improve the reliability of the CAPM and reduce the limitations associated with the model. Multi Beta Models: CAPM is single beta model which is for highlighting the relation of return with the market. However there can be several other factors impacting the returns and thus it may be useful to introduce several other factors related to other factors impacting the returns Market Price Based Models: The beta calculated by the CAPM is based on the correlation of stock and the market, standard deviation of the market and the stock. The correlation factor may be highly unstable and may have huge variance over the period. The market based models estimate the relative risk and thus dispense off the correlation factors. The relative risk is estimated by the division of standard deviation of the stock by the average standard deviation of all the stocks in the market. This may be lengthy and complicated. Accounting based Models: This is the accounting based risk measurement also known as accounting beta. Under this method the detailed study of the cost structure of the company is conducted. Based on this asset beta is developed from the equation shown below This is more realistic as the return is dependent on the profitability rather than the movement in the stock price. Another method to use accounting information based model is creation of scaled risk measurement with respect to certain accounting ratio that is important from the viewpoint of the asset. Apart from this various other studies have been conducted and it shows that the validity of CAPM may be improved by using more data and data that isnt too old or is based on different market conditions. This ensures that the realistic market parameters and conditions are employed. (2) The NPV has been calculated for the proposal. This has been shown below Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Value of Old Machine 170000 Cost of New Machine 280,000.00 230,000.00 180,000.00 130,000.00 80,000.00 30,000.00 Depreciation/ Principal Payment 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 Loan for the year 255,000.00 205,000.00 155,000.00 105,000.00 55,000.00 Interest Payment for the year 22,950.00 18,450.00 13,950.00 9,450.00 4,950.00 Salvage Value of Old Machine 86,000.00 Salvage Value of New Machine 40,000.00 Saving in Cooling Cost 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 70,000.00 Loss of sales 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 Working Capital Requirement 23,000.00 Working Capital Recoup 23,000.00 Cash Flow 63,000.00 (12,950.00) (8,450.00) (3,950.00) 550.00 38,050.00 Tax - - - - 165.00 11,415.00 Net Cash Flow 63,000.00 (12,950.00) (8,450.00) (3,950.00) 385.00 26,635.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65 PV of Cash Flow 63,000.00 (11,880.73) (7,112.20) (3,050.12) 272.74 17,310.92 NPV 58,540.61 Several assumptions have been made. These have been mentioned below 1. No tax will be applicable on the sale of the old machine. This is because the originalprice of the machine is $340,000 and its life is 10 years. Since it is depreciated based on straight line method the value of the machine after five years will be $170,000. Since the machine is being sold at a price less than its actual value no tax will be applicable. 2. The depreciation that is being calculated for the new machine is considered as the repayment amount of the loan that has been taken for the purchase of the new machine. This has been reduced from the cash flow. 3.The interest is calculated on the average of the principal amount at the start of the year and that at the end of the year. 4. All the payments, savings, losses and sale are considered to be occurred at the end of the year. 5. At the end of five years, tax is paid for the sale of new machine for the amount in excess of the salvage value. After considering the depreciation of $50,000 for the five year period the salvage value is $30,000 whereas the sale of old machine is at $40,000. There is gain of $10,000 and tax has been calculated on this amount. 6. The working capital requirement is considered at the start of the year while the recoupment of this is considered as the gain and tax is considered on this as well. 7. The cost associated with feasibility study has not been considered as this is the sunk cost for the company. This is because even if new machine is not purchased the cost cannot be recovered. In the given situation the purchase of the new machine can be considered. This is because there is significant cash inflow and the NPV is positive. However further study with respect to the savings and the discount rate may be conducted. Even if the discount rate increase the cash flow will be positive as the inflow from the old machine is there. If this inflow from the sale of old machine is not considered, because there is loss of $84,000 in old machine, the NPV will be negative. Considering this the machine should not be purchased. However this may not be considered since only the cash flow will have to be seen. This has been shown above based on which NPV is positive. References Damodaran, A. (2011). Alternatives to the CAPM: Part 1: Relative Risk Measures. [online]. Fletcher, J. Kihanda, J. (2005). An Examination of Alternative CAPM-Based Models in UK Stock Returns. Journal of Banking Finance. volume 29. no. 12. Pp. 65-66 [online]. Knox, D.R. (2011). Examining CAPM in Today's Markets. Toms, S. (2012). Accounting based risk measurement: An alternative to CAPM derived discount factors. The York Management School. Working Paper No. 68. ISSN Number: 1743-4041. [online]. Machado, J.J.G. (2013). THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL (CAPM). Fama, E.F. French, K.R. 92004). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Economic PerspectivesVolume 18, Number 3. Page 25-46. [online].

Ðhe economic burden of white-collar crime an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Еhe economic burden of white-collar crime White-collar crimes are the crimes committed by individuals belonging to the higher section of the society and who have a great amount of respectability in the eye of the public. Usually such crimes would be committed by the individual in their occupational role. Most of the crimes committed by the white collared individuals are deliberate and organized so as to gain financially or personally, using their power. These crimes may be handled by several means including not bringing the issue up to the court; using their administrative powers to cover up the case; proving that their actions are not crimes at all; and often implicated the individuals who had no power (who were often the middle and the lower classes). The lower classes are often implicated because:- Need essay sample on "he economic burden of white-collar crime" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Someone has to pay financially for the crimes of the white-collared staff and the middle and lower classes are involved as they do not have great powers Evidence is tempered and often the lower and the middle classes are implicated in the crime The white-collared staff often uses the middle-class and the lower-class as a public eye-wash. During the 1970s there was a rise in the number of white-collared crimes, and several people who had a lot of powers including businessmen, politicians, corporate personnel, etc, were involved in such crimes. Lets now take an example of how the crime committed by the white-collared staff would be shifted to the lower classes. A white-collared staff commits a crime involving misappropriation of funds and is taken to court. In the court of law, a target, witness and a subject would be present. In this case the target would be the white-collared staff and the witness would be a corporate insider. However, since the white-collared staff would be having power over the witness, he is likely to be favored and escape with this crime. If a witness not favored by the white-collared staff is brought in, he may have to enter into a felony guilty plea. A white-collared staff working for a governmental organization would be misusing the public or taxpayers money for his personal benefit. The higher affluent of the society would not mind paying for taxes. On the other hand, the middle and the lower classes would be feeling the pinch as the amount they have spend on paying taxes has been swallowed by the white-collared staff. As paying taxes have not provided them with any benefits, the middle and the lower classes of the society would be suffering most from the crimes of the white-collared staff. Frequently, an innocent person would be utilized by the white-collared staff for a cover-up. They would be utilizing their power to modify evidence so that they are able to escape with their crime and to involve the innocent middle and lower classes. Frequently, the middle and the lower classes are found guilty of the crimes that they have not even committed and are hence made to pay out of their pockets for the crimes of the white-collared staff. In a study conducted in the US, it was found that the white-collared staffs commit crimes in excess of two hundred billion dollars every year. On the other hand, if you take certain petty crimes such as burglary and theft put together, it costs only a fraction of the amount that is swallowed by the white-collared staff every year. However, the petty criminals who commit burglary and theft are more frequently prosecuted with severe punishments, than the white-collared staff (who swallow much larger amounts and escape scot-free). It is important to note that the defendants should not be punished based on the class of society to which they belong, but on the nature and the severity of the crimes. References: Florio, J. (2003). The Impact of Class Structure Hollander & Hanuka (2008). White Collar Crime Information: Criminal defense attorneys serving Florida's Gulf Coast Net Industries (2008). White-Collar Crime: History of an Idea - The Evolution Of White-collar Crime, Retrieved on June 15, 2008, from Net Industries Website: http://law.jrank.org/pages/2312/White-Collar-Crime-History-an-Idea-evolution-white-collar-crime.html Wisenberg, S. L. (2005). White-Collar Crime: The Crash Course, Retrieved on June 15, 2008, from Find Law Website: http://corporate.findlaw.com/litigation-disputes/white-collar-crime-the-crash-course.html

Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition

This paper explores the life and religious traditions of the Dalai Lama, and describes how he exemplified the Buddhism tradition. According to Smith (243), Dalai Lama was a political and religious leader of Tibet. He was selected to head the Tibet State at a very young age (16 years), but later went into exile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the numerous hardships and challenges he faced, he never gave up. He went ahead to advocate for freedom and managed to prove himself as a political and spiritual leader of the Tibet people. Several people regard Dalai Lama as both a godly king and a living Buddha. The increased love that Dalai Lama expressed for his people prompted him to draft several letters which he sent to different states such as Britain and America with the aim of seeking support for changing Tibet from an open State into an ind ependent or sovereign country. Although his plea was not accepted, this rejection did not prevent him from supporting his people. For instance, he confronted the authorities that had oppressed his people for a very long time. Dalai Lama did not seem to care for the consequences that would follow as a result of his engagement in political activities, and was ready to engage in extremely risky activities for the sake of his people. Quite a large number of people opted to follow Dalai Lama when he went into exile. They later helped him to form an alternative democratic government that accommodated educational and cultural institutions (Hattaway 161).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The numerous works of Dalai Lama made him to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1989. This award was mainly as a result of his establishing non-violent policies, and increasing fight for hum an rights in the country and other areas that had reported high cases of human rights violation. Apart from his participation in global environmental forums, Dalai Lama was always against the use of forceful ways in resolving problems. He expounded the importance of using peaceful means in resolving conflicts and exercising mutual respect and tolerance. His main purpose was to fight for full preservation of all forms of heritages that were valued by fellow Buddhists. When he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, he told his people that determination, courage, and truth would help liberate the Tibet people as they continued with their struggle for liberty (Harrington and Zajonc 13). Dalai Lama regards himself as a common Buddhist monk who is preferred by the Tibet people because of his warmth and simplicity. According to him, it is extremely important for people to exercise compassion, love, and forgiveness even in situations that appear very difficult for an individual to practice such virtues. Most of his teachings are based on spiritual enlightenment, and increasing a person’s understanding of the purpose or meaning of life. In addition, Dalai Lama finds it worthy for individuals to have productive qualities such as compassion, love, and an understanding of universal responsibility regardless of religious, social or political background.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although many people view Dalai Lama as a form of Buddha reincarnation, he believes that he is just a normal human being who has chosen to become a Buddhist monk for the sole purpose of serving his people (Harrington and Zajonc 19). It is important for people to recognize and respect the wisdom and words of Dalai Lama irrespective of whether he qualifies to be a Buddha reincarnation. This is based on the fact that Dalai Lama has gone to an extent o f risking his life so as to liberate his people. Dalai Lama’s religious tradition can be understood through quite a number of ways as discussed in the following paragraphs. Being the leader of modern Buddhism, he has managed to attract millions of people affiliated to Buddhism religion. Over the last fifty years, Dalai Lama has made tremendous efforts in modernizing and promoting Buddhism. This has consequently resulted into a profound impact in various areas of life and especially religion. After leaving Tibet in 1959, Dalai Lama embarked on preaching Buddhism to people from different parts of the world. Most of his religious activities were conducted in India where he had sought refuge. While in India, he managed to establish a number of education systems commonly known as Dharma Shala. These systems were used to teach traditions practiced by the Tibet people and they were also a way of maintaining the spirit of Buddhism faith. Dalai Lama’s religious activities reach ed a peak during the 1960s when he managed to visit close to sixty three nations by preaching Buddhism. By 2005, he had managed to make close to three hundred visits in different parts of the world in the course of spreading religious teachings.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through these visits, he helped to increase the image, profile, and the general awareness of Buddhism as a religion. His religious activities have transformed Buddhism into a popular religion within the new modern world. Several people from western nations who were previously associated with Christianity have changed to Buddhism as a result of Dalai Lama’s effort to promote and explain the importance of being part of Buddhism religion (Bradley 113). Another significant contribution made by Dalai Lama is his endless struggle to modernize Buddhism. Through his religious activities, Dalai Lama has established an appropriate platform for developing an association between various modern issues and Buddhism philosophies. For example, his speeches have helped people to gain a good understanding of the modern ethical issues that affect the society in a negative way. These issues include the increasing cases of abortion and other unacceptable sexual behaviors. In regards to abortion, Dalai Lama believes that engaging in such an act is just like committing murder to the unborn child according to the teachings from Buddhism religion. In his view, it is important for people to avoid engaging themselves in such acts because they are not merely causing the death of the unborn child; they also go against the teachings and doctrines of Buddhism religion. In order to help understand the contribution made by Dalai Lama in religion, there is great need for individuals to understand the humanistic religion that involves various activities carried out by people from different parts of the world. (Bradley 115). Dalai Lama believes that it is not possible for religion to pervade individual activities because it is not easy to group human life in different compartments. Historically, Dalai Lama was very open to dialogue especially when communicating to Christians. His dialogue focused on two factors. One of the factors was associated with his stay at exile where he experienced unique state of affairs including the India’s religious pluralism. His love for religion prompted representatives of different religious traditions to welcome him during his visit to Sarnath. It is worth to mention that Dalai Lama was not just welcomed by the members of the Buddhist religion; he was also received well by other religions including the Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. At one time, he carried out common religious functions with a catholic priest in spite of the sharp contrast between the two religions. Dalai Lama on behalf of other Christians, the two became very close friends to an extent of conducting both interreligious and intercultural dialogues together. The second factor which enhanced his religious activities was his dialogue with another monk by the name Thomas Merton. In some of his writings, Dalai Lama explains that the dialogue between him and Thomas greatly enhanced his attitude towards Christianity. Based on this, it is worthwhile to consider Dala i Lama as a strong link between Christianity and Buddhism. From a religious perspective, it can be said that Thomas Merton made significant contribution in strengthening Dalai Lama’s love for religion. With the help of Thomas, Dalai Lama was able to comprehend the importance of conducting dialogues involving people from different religions. Apart from helping individuals to have a good future, a dialogue increases ones understanding of various practices undertaken by individual religions (Mehrotra 188). In order to facilitate dialogue, Dalai Lama identified four techniques that could be used to convey an effective dialogue. To start with, he explained the importance of inviting scholars with different religious traditions in order to gain a good understanding of similarities and differences that exist between various philosophical traditions. By so doing, he emphasized that it would becomes extreme easy for individuals to enrich their thinking and at the same time acquire a d eeper dimension of different traditions. Secondly, Dalai Lama explained the benefit of holding frequent meetings involving practitioners with varying religious traditions. When conducting a dialogue, it is important to involve genuine practitioners who possess a unique experience in relation to the practices involving their individual traditions. Thirdly, Dalai Lama suggested that followers with varying traditions were supposed to comprehend the importance of conducting joint visits to the pilgrimage to provide them with an opportunity of coming together from where they can pray together and share their individual experiences. If it becomes impossible to conduct joint prayers, the followers can opt to conduct a silent meditation. The last technique identified by Dalai Lama focuses on the need for religious leaders to hold joint meetings or gatherings as a way of sending a powerful signal to their individual followers (Jha 85). If the leaders are not willing to come together, it beco mes extremely difficult for followers to do the same because they rely on their leaders for guidance. According to Dalai Lama, there is no need for an individual to change his or her religion. Instead, one should try to find alternative ways that can improve his or her religious practices. For example, a Buddhist who meets with a Christian should not convert his faith into Christianity. However, he should struggle towards becoming a better Buddhist. Although Dalai Lama is against conversions from one religion to another, many people from western countries with Christian background convert to Buddhists. This might be caused by lack of strong spiritual experience in Christianity (Bradley 18). It is also possible that people who choose to convert to Buddhism are not in support of institutional churches. This compels them to turn into Buddhism so that they can grow their spiritual way of life. It is vital to mention that Dalai Lama’s increased involvement in religious activities was boosted by his desire to realize a more transparent and democratic method of conducting religious successions while maintaining the reincarnation doctrine. His love for Buddhist teachings has enabled him to identify the interdependence that exists between the surrounding natural environment and people. He believes that different aspects in life are connected to each other and as such, individuals should regard all aspects of life as being equally important (Bradley 30). From the above discussion, it can be noted that Dalai Lama has made tremendous contribution to Buddhism religion. Although he faced numerous hardships and challenges when advocating for the freedom of the Tibet people, he never turned back. He opted to use alternative methods of liberating his people. His contribution to the welfare of the people involved the establishment of non-violent policies, and increased fight for human rights in the country and other areas that had reported high cases of human rights viol ation. Dalai Lama’s continuous struggle led to the Nobel peace prize award in 1989. His contribution to Buddhism religion was done through a number of ways such as the establishment of an appropriate platform for developing an association between various modern issues and Buddhism philosophies. He also emphasized the importance of conducting dialogues involving scholars with different religious traditions in order to gain a good understanding of similarities and differences that existed between various philosophical traditions. In addition, he introduced the idea of having joint visits to the pilgrimage so as to provide followers from different religions with an opportunity of coming together, praying together, and sharing their individual experiences. Through his work, one is able to gain a good understanding of the importance of establishing or finding alternative ways of improving personal religious practices other than opting to convert to another religion. In my view, Da lai Lama has managed to exemplify Buddhism tradition in a very effective manner. Works Cited Bradley, Paul. This Strange Eventful History: A Philosophy of Meaning : Pairs of Thinkers in Philosophy, Religion, Science and Art. New York: Algora Pub, 2011. Print. Harrington, Anne, and Arthur Zajonc. The Dalai Lama at Mit. Cambridge (Mass.: Harvard university press, 2006. Print. Hattaway, Paul. Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary. Carlisle: Piquant, 2004. Print. Jha, Rakesh. Sociology of Peace and Nonviolence. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003. Print. Mehrotra, Rajiv. Understanding the Dalai Lama. Carlsbad, Calif: Hay House, 2009. Print. Smith, Warren. China’s Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print. This essay on Dalai Lama and Buddhism Tradition was written and submitted by user Lauren O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview

5 Unique Questions to Ask in a Job Interview We all know the line we’re supposed to work into the â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† section of the interview. Typically, we take a deep breath and ask our interviewer to talk us through a typical day in that particular office so that we can get a idea of the workplace culture. It’s a great question. But everyone is asking it, pretty much verbatim. Here are five alternative versions that will help distinguish you from your fellow interviewees, and will also be a refreshing way to get the same answers from your interviewer.1. â€Å"What do you feel prepared you most for this job?†It’s sort of a backwards way in, but you’ll find your interviewer will end up emphasizing the parts of her background that were most useful for acclimating to that particular environment. You’ll get a sense of the size and scope and daily feel of the company from which of her skills were the most appropriate preparation for the job.2. â€Å"What makes this [company] special?†No matter what kind of company it is, asking how it distinguishes itself from others in the field can be very revealing. If it’s all about hard numbers and results, that will tell you one thing. If it emphasizes personal relationships and loyalty, that’ll tell you something else.3. â€Å"Why are you excited about filling this position?†This might be the best way of discovering your boss’s goals and whether your vision of the job aligns with their vision of the job, or the particulars of what you’d be doing day to day.4. â€Å"How do your company’s values affect your work on any given day?†Probably best to do a bit of homework first and have a specific value in mind when you ask this one. One that company has been explicit about in its marketing materials or in the job listing. It’s a good way of showing off your thorough preparations for the interview, and also making sure the company is really do ing what they say they care most about.5. â€Å"How would you describe the leadership style here?†This is probably the best way of finding out if you’re going to be walking into a nest of micromanagers, without the stigma of actually asking that outright. And it’s a great way to see whether your working style will jive with your boss’s working style.

Sexism in different cultures and societies Research Paper

Sexism in different cultures and societies - Research Paper Example The above statistics clearly show that sexism exists in many forms in America. In schools, teachers, give more attention to the boys than the girls. They believe that boys are brighter than girls and should get more attention. In professional world, women are getting lesser salaries than men even though both of them are doing the same job. Many organizations in America have the belief that men can handle certain jobs better than women. For example, in the recently concluded American Presidential election, Hillary Clinton fought hard against current President Obama for getting the Democratic Party nomination. However, majority of the Americans, voted in favor of Obama because of their perception that a male President could be more effective than a female President. If we take the number of women presidents or prime ministers in countries worldwide, we can see that the number of females is much lesser than the number of males. Even in America like advanced country, people believe that men have superior abilities in taking decisions and handling pressure and this belief is definitely the contribution of sexism. The number of females going to colleges is less than the number of boys when we consider the statistics of boys and girls who attend the college education in America after their school education. This is because of the parental belief that giving college education to the boys is more important than giving college education to girls. If an American family faces financial problems in giving education to their children., they will stop the education of their daughters first and will try maximum to give education to their sons. Majority of the men in America believe that the primary role of women is to do all the housework at home. Only after the completion of the house works, men like their wives going for other professional works. McFadden (2010) has pointed out that in American society, â€Å"Women are still being fired for getting pregnant and getting demo ted

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Recycling - Research Paper Example â€Å"Environmental Ethics† relate to ethical and moral standing, which provides recognition of distinguishing characteristics of environment.1 It is important to initiate such programs through which these environmental issues are addressed and taking such measures that can reduce their adverse effects. Hence, there is a need to have be proactive and be able to understand the human’s role concerning preservation of environment and natural habitat. There is an anthropocentric code of ethics, which takes into consideration, the moral aspects of a human being with environment. However, few thinkers argue that the code of ethics should not just be focusing on the human element, but it should also have moral standing and sentiments for animals and natural habitat. This is necessary in order to conserve the natural resources like river, lakes and other species of ecosystems.2 My ethical standing on these environmental issues is based on the different approaches of scholars. It has been noticed that the environmental issues, which are occurring, have a deep impact on human beings. The pollution, whether it is air, water or land diminishes the health of the individuals, the depleting effect of natural or even manmade resources are affecting the living standard of individuals specially the human beings. In some cases, if there is a reduction of natural sources of herbs and plants then it gives rise to reduction of potential natural medicines for various diseases. In the same way, if there is a natural disaster it affects our homes and living. This approach is anthropocentric which are concerned with cause and effects of nature and environment on human beings.3 In the contrary, there is a â€Å"non-Anthropocentric approach† to environmental ethics, which also takes into consideration of other factors of Eco systems like animals, flora and Fiona. It is necessary that while one remains focused on how the environment

Sunnyvale Foods Marketing Analysis Essay Example for Free

Sunnyvale Foods Marketing Analysis Essay Sunnyvale Foods is a brand of canned and frozen fruits and vegetables as well as condiments. While the firm has been around for over a hundred years, their profits have started to decline. From the statement given by the former president of Sunnyvale Foods, it can be deduced that the firm has a production oriented marketing concept. Rather than producing to meet a need, the firm is producing in anticipation of a need. Sunnyvale Foods focuses on mass marketing, aiming at â€Å"everyone† rather than target marketing a specific group (i. e. -busy families). The marketing mix is comprised of the â€Å"four P’s†: product, place, promotion, and price. The product is a line of 65 food items. The place is limited to chain supermarket stores limited by their ability to carry the entire line of 65 foods that the firm produces. Promotion of the firm as described in the case was vague but did mention sales promotion such as manufacturer’s coupons. The price is in the range of competitors but in today’s rushed society, many food brands don’t have the advantage of customer loyalty which results in losing customers to either the store brand or another brand that is offered on sale. The main competitive advantage of Sunnyvale Foods is the history of the business. Based solely on their 127 year old business, their name has become a reputable one. Their primary disadvantage is their vast line of products. By producing 65 different products, they lose advantages found in economies of scale. Also, by having a strict policy requiring stores that carry their product to carry all 65 items, they are given a disadvantage by limiting their potential retailer pool and complicating the process of resupplying inventory. To be stuck in the middle mean to be between differentiations, focus strategy, and cost leadership. While Sunnyvale Foods is focusing on one specific niche of the market, their differentiation is limited to various types of the same product rather than new products. Also, as stated in the case â€Å"no company in the industry has much effect on the price at which its products are sold. † The primary issue with Sunnyvale foods is that the firm is marketing for a production in a marketing company era. While the firm was very successful in years past, the market has changed and that needs to be recognized in their marketing strategy beginning with becoming a marketing oriented firm and finding a target market.

Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt

Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt Introduction The article I have chosen for my critical analysis is Criminals from A Sense of Guilty by Sigmund Freud (1914-1916). This critical review will look at the theory of Freuds psychoanalytic ideas of the relationship between the individual behaviours and the social world in connection with a crime. This reading is about the notion of unconscious and sense of guilty. Freud introduces a distinctive, an important feature in the social theory which is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a psychological perspective which investigates the interaction of the conscious and unconscious elements in mind. Freud offered explanations of how unconscious thoughts internalised as well as he talked about the rationality and irrationality in the human actions what is going on in their minds. This topic is quite distinctive from the rest of the previous topic we learnt so far which were theories of social life, society and sociological perspective as well as ideology. This topic focuses on irrationality and the guilty consciousness/ unconscious. Freud explains this subject as that the existence of feeling guilt conscious in the mind of the individual is present all the time. Freud tried to understand in his proficiency on the continuity of human mind in distinctive ways. It also looks at the different behaviours of individuals and how individual are prone to criminals due to their sense of guilt. Main body In the first passage, Freud states that his patients, those committed crimes were struggling from an oppressive feeling of guilt. Freud initiated on his article to talk about his regular observation of his patients in his care, and how often they provide their transgression of prohibited misdeeds they committed while in his care and afterwards. The short coming of this text is the author depends on his experience of his clients, instead of providing an empirical data. For stance, in the first paragraph, he indicated that early as before and after puberty, those in his care were committing misdeeds, but did not give exact age groups neither categories. He did not provide the number of people he treated and observed. Therefore, he did not offer a date to support the validity of piece. It is also not clear if he was given consent from his patients to share this information due to confidentiality reasons. This is because he does not discuss confidentiality and anonymity in his article. According to him, these crimes were committed by his patients while they were quite young in some cases. Offences committed at the time were theft, fraud and arson. He stressed that crime is committed due to its nature of prohibition, which he believes it gives mental relief to the individuals. Freud also believes some of this individual are suffering the burden of guilt and the oppressed feeling inside them from childhood, therefore, perfuming such misdeed is assigned to something deep (p. 332). This lacks clarification of the sense of feeling Guilt and what caused them to feel this guilt was limited in his explanation. I do not agree with Freuds claims that individuals feel a sense of guilt before they commit a crime. Whereas, I believe an individual can have sense of guilt after committing a crime because the individual know the consequences that comes with committing a crime. From the humiliation and isolation that comes along with the punishment. However, I do agree with Freuds claims that guilt is an internal feeling. Nonetheless, it is only after an incident takes place which could be subjected to fine or imprisonment. This is because these punishments make individuals worry about their actions which could then lead to a sense of guilt. In my opinion, I can feel guilty when I failed to follow the absolute law or commit crime/ sin, or any disobedience which is punishable. Therefore, I believe that the idea of guilt should relate to a violation of rights. Freuds theory talks about the development of criminal personality can be due to the way of a child had been brought up from an early age. The experience of early childhood could be one of the reasons that many children lead to developing a criminal personality when they become older. Therefore, Freud emphasised his patients had a past emotions manifested deep in their minds. I may agree to some extent. However, many children grew and develop their mental capacity and get over their past experiences, and some may affect them badly. Furthermore, in his period people may did have the sources and service that is available for many people today. The second elements of the reading on the fourth passages, obscure of a sense of guilt drived from Oedipus complex (p. 332). He claims the consequence of investigative work of human sense of guilt in general as a result is derived from the Oedipus complex and was a reaction to the two great criminal intentions of killing the father and having sexual relations with the mother (p. 332-333). This indicates how the child perceives the father as punishment figure inside him. The childs anxiety develops and his anger toward the father. Its way of showing a sense of strain within the household and the power of the father. Therefore, the pressure is already present in the house before thinking the social constraint in general. As a result of the sense of guilt is derived from here and this is the fundamental morality of humankind. Likewise, Freud had no evidence to back up his study. His claim is vague to me on how a child can have that capacity of a hate or love. Furthermore, children cannot develop sense of sexuality at this early stage particularly towards their parental mother. Freud was educating us about the psychological perspectives and its factors which drives individuals to commit crimes. However, in his observation it showed significant elements of psychological factors link with early delinquencies experiences. However, there is not enough evidence to back his claims of the factors which drive individuals to commit crimes. This is because he does not talk about the therapy treatment in which his patients had undergone. He also did not pinpoint nor highlight the prevention strategies in his article which could prevent them to commit such crimes. In conscious phantasy, because they already feel they are attacked and got hurt in their mind, and they use their mechanism defence, and what aver action is taking by these people to hurt others make them feel relieved. Therefore, this burden of guilt inside them, got them relieved by acting out this phantasy. According to Freud, the real punishment which is already inside them is agonising them before acting out. The third significant claim in the text is Pale criminality. Freud sat out the psychoanalysis interpretation of pale criminal (p.333), it is the principle of unconscious phantasy, the mental thinking and activity which is unique for those who have sense of guilt and drives to commit crime and desire for a punishment. However, they got relieved by acting out. Furthermore, he concluded his piece saying; Let us leave it to leave it to future research to decide (p.333), this undermines the value of his work and shows he had a sense that his study needed improvement and correction of his misrepresentation. Nonetheless, the author seems he did not fully achieve his intended goal as he left it for future. The samples and categories are not clear and the method used to arrive such conclusions. This shows his study is not broad. It is only in his clients which even lacks the number of people he treated. Furthermore, it is what his patients informed him its not shown if he conducted a academic research. In the absence of adequate detail, Freud lacks the depth in its explanation of this article. It is extremely difficult to assess the reliability of his studies and outcome. There is some ambiguity regarding the validity of his research, and some of the cases he observed as well as the conclusions he reached. Not only had he talked about childhood experiences and how past emotion drove people. Freud also explained human mind is so simple which lacks concrete. Conclusion To conclude that Freuds theory is known the unconscious mind, and his intention was to represent the criminal from sense of guilt. Some of the cases Freud investigates didnt specify how he carried out his research. Some of them informed about their misdeed and their sense of which driven to commit a crime, which didnt have conscious. Even though young people grew and leave some infantile sentiment behind, and some grew with the emotionals. As people grew older they develop mental capacity and throughout they learn from wrong and right. However, some people may commit crime for different reasons; due to being a hedonistic or mental disorder. Therefore, the people he treated was not clear what type of people and what condition they were suffering, was it some sort of mental disorder which either be treatable or section for public protection. My suggestion on this piece is it needs more research to be done based on the sense of guilt cause of the crime. Even though, Freuds experiments based on only some cases, however, psychoanalysis created useful elements which are useful in the criminal justice system to some extent which is prominent even though is helpful but yet not reliable hundred percent.

Loss and Gain of the Reformation Essay

During and following the Protestant Reformation, an innumerable measure of dignitaries lost, as well as gained a great deal due to the Reformation. Dignitaries or authority figures during this time period consisted of highly ranked members of the Church and Government. As a result of this 16th century movement, both were affected negatively and positively. The authority figure that lost the most was the Pope. It was established that the Bible held more authority than the Church in the 1400’s by John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia. Furthermore, they taught that the pope did not have the right to worldly power. At the start of the Reformation, many political leaders questioned his control and power. New ideas from the Renaissance had begun to challenge the Catholic Church. Individualism and secularism went against the Church’s beliefs. Not only did the pope lose all of his power, but the other church leaders did as well. When people didn’t believe in what the pope did, they founded new Christian churches that went against the pope’s decisions and wrongdoings. Consequently, the Pope and the rest of the catholic church’s leaders lost their authority and wealth. Just as the Catholic Church and the Pope lost a substantial amount of power and authority, the King and the Protestants gained what they lost. Since most people had nearly forgotten about Catholicism by now and reverted to Protestantism, the Protestant Church gained a lot of money through donations to reform the church past what had already been changed. Since the pope no longer ruled, it was left to the king to do what the pope no longer could. The king took control over the churches and established new churches, which they also regulated. Accordingly, the king gained the most out of the Reformation. As a result of the Reformation, the pope lost all of his power and the king gained it. There are vast differences from the beginning of the Reformation to its conclusion. If you were to look at the two periods in time, you would be able to tell how to pope went corrupt and how the king gained respect and held power over the churches.

How to Differentiate Hrd and T&D

In the early 1980s, the field of personnel management shifted its function from handling staffing and related administrative activities to the development of people as a resource of the organization (Sims, R. 2006). Thus, here comes the field of Human Resource Development (HRD). The term HRD started out first simply as â€Å"training†, then involved into â€Å"training and development†(T&D), and finally into HRD. Therefore, some confusion arise relating to the difference between Human Resource Development and â€Å"training and development†.In order to differentiate HRD and T&D, the author illustrates this essay by clarifying the definition of HRD and T&D, their respective main purpose, and the strategies of each term. I. Definition 1. Definition of HRD Because of the evolving nature of HRD, defining HRD is difficult. The first definition of HRD offered by Harbison and Myers related HRD to broad contexts, including economy, political, social and culture contexts, rather than just individuals and organizations.They defined HRD as a process to increase the knowledge, skills and capacities of all the people in a society: â€Å"In economic terms, it could be described as the accumulation of human capital and its effective investment in the development of an economy. In political terms, HRD prepares people for adult participation in the political process, particularly as citizens in a democracy. From the social and cultural points of view, the development of human resources helps people lead fuller and richer lives, less bound to tradition. †(Harbison and Myers, 1964)HRD was also referred as a learning experience provided by employees, leading to the improvement of their performance and/all personal growth (Nadler and Nadler, 1989). A recent definition from Swanson (2009) explained the term HRD as a process of developing and unleashing expertise which aimed at improving organizational system, work process, team, and individual performance . 2. Definition of T&D Generally speaking, training and development is defined as a field concerned with organizational activity whose objective is to improve the performance of individuals and groups in organizational context.To be specific, writers of some literatures have divided the term T&D into two independent parts: â€Å"training† and â€Å"development†. Separated definition for each word is created, which makes the definition of training and development quite straightforward. Training was defined as a â€Å"planned and systematic process to modify or develop attitude, knowledge or skills through learning experiences, to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. † (Garavan et al. ,1995; Harrison, 1993; Reid et al. 1994) .A separate definition of development was that â€Å"the growth or realization of a person’s ability through conscious or unconscious learning, which usually includes elements of planned study and experi ence supported by coaching and counseling† (Wilson, 1999). Similarities can be seen from these definitions that both HRD and T&D provide human resource with learning to improve performance. However, their emphasises are different according to the definitions. T&D focuses more on the improvement of individual performance, whereas HRD is a business approach which plays a crucial role in the improvement of whole organizational.II. Main Purpose of HRD and T&D 1. Main purpose of HRD The key functions of HRD are individual development, organizational development, career development and performance improvement. Actually, the main purpose of HRD is under debate of researchers and practitioners. Should it focus on increasing the performance requirements of its organizations and enhancing the productivity of the workforce or on developing the individual competency and skills? When practiced in productive organizations, HRD should contribute directly to the organization’s goal.As a result, performance improvement becomes the main purpose of HRD. There are many aspects that HRD could improve performance: individual, process, as well as organizational levels. For instance, performance is impeded when the goal of an organization do not fit various internal and external realities (culture, for example). HRD could solve this problem by formulating a goal that fit in the organizational culture while a culture change process being implemented in order to support the goal of the organization. 2. Main purpose of T&DIn many literatures, the purpose of T&D concentrates on individual development. There is need to train and retrain the employees on continuous basis. T&D has the goal of influencing basic values and beliefs of individual. Meanwhile, there are also technical and management T&D programmes related to systems and procedures appeal to the inherent logic, and the planning methods and people skills appeal to the strategies of succeed. The relationship (or differe nce) of HRD and T&D (and other HRD functions) could be illustrated by figure1:Figure1 (Haslinda, 2009) Although the main purpose of T&D is individual development, which is one of the four key functions of HRD, we can not say that T&D is a subset of HRD. HRD and T&D are discrete entities. HRD is the integrated use of T&D, organizational development, career development and performance development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. III. Strategies of HRD and T&D 1. Strategies of HRD To contribute to the goals and missions of the organization, efforts of making HRD strategies must take place.First, there should be a clear overview of the relationship between the organization’s missions, strategic agenda, and competitive environment. Followed by an assessment of the current capacity of workforce, special needs are identified. An evaluation system needs to be built in order to examine if the target competencies indeed enhance the actualization of organi zational goals. Finally, the organization needs senior leadership and a culture that support lifelong learning of the work role of each employee. 2. Strategies of T&DTraining and development in an organization also requires a mechanism that establishes the competencies required by an organization to achieve success. Therefore, the strategy of T&D includes 1) identifying the employees’ training needs, 2) finding out the HR strategic plan, 3) establishing personal developing plans and 4) evaluating the T&D outcomes by assessment. The process could be revised over and over again. The strategies of HRD and T&D have several points in common. However, those tiny distinctions make HRD a more strategically orientated organizational process.

Free Essays on Management Competencies

Managerial Assessment of Proficiency Is the tool for identifying managerial strengths and needs. The Twelve Competencies ADMINISTRATIVE Managing Your Job COMMUNICATION Relating to Others SUPERVISORY Building the Team COGNITIVE Thinking Clearly Time Management and Prioritizing Listening and Organizing Training, Coaching and Delegating Identifying and Solving Problems Setting Goals and Standards Giving Clear Information Appraising People and Performance Making Decisions, Weighing Risk Planning and Scheduling Work Getting Unbiased Information Disciplining and Counseling Thinking Clearly and Analytically 1. Time Management and Prioritizing Ability to manage time, both your own and others. Includes such skills as negotiating priorities; exercising self-discipline; controlling interruptions by shaping the behavior of others whose priorities are not your own; being time-effective versus time-efficient. 2. Setting Goals and Standards Ability to manage activities and projects toward measurable goals and standards, setting theses jointly with others so as to develop their understanding and commitment. Includes the following skills: distinguishing among wishes, activities and quotas: reducing barriers to the goal-setting process; evaluating goals against the major criteria of effective goal setting; using goals to motivate. 3. Planning and Scheduling Work Ability to manage projects (one-time programs) and processes (ongoing work flow) by applying the major tools and techniques of management includes the following skills: analyzing complex tasks and breaking them into manageable units; selecting and managing resources appropriate to the task; using the systems and techniques to plan and schedule the work; setting checkpoints and controls for monitoring progress. 4. Listening and Organizing Ability to understand, organizes, and analyzes what you are hearing so as to decide what to think and do ... Free Essays on Management Competencies Free Essays on Management Competencies Managerial Assessment of Proficiency Is the tool for identifying managerial strengths and needs. The Twelve Competencies ADMINISTRATIVE Managing Your Job COMMUNICATION Relating to Others SUPERVISORY Building the Team COGNITIVE Thinking Clearly Time Management and Prioritizing Listening and Organizing Training, Coaching and Delegating Identifying and Solving Problems Setting Goals and Standards Giving Clear Information Appraising People and Performance Making Decisions, Weighing Risk Planning and Scheduling Work Getting Unbiased Information Disciplining and Counseling Thinking Clearly and Analytically 1. Time Management and Prioritizing Ability to manage time, both your own and others. Includes such skills as negotiating priorities; exercising self-discipline; controlling interruptions by shaping the behavior of others whose priorities are not your own; being time-effective versus time-efficient. 2. Setting Goals and Standards Ability to manage activities and projects toward measurable goals and standards, setting theses jointly with others so as to develop their understanding and commitment. Includes the following skills: distinguishing among wishes, activities and quotas: reducing barriers to the goal-setting process; evaluating goals against the major criteria of effective goal setting; using goals to motivate. 3. Planning and Scheduling Work Ability to manage projects (one-time programs) and processes (ongoing work flow) by applying the major tools and techniques of management includes the following skills: analyzing complex tasks and breaking them into manageable units; selecting and managing resources appropriate to the task; using the systems and techniques to plan and schedule the work; setting checkpoints and controls for monitoring progress. 4. Listening and Organizing Ability to understand, organizes, and analyzes what you are hearing so as to decide what to think and do ...

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work

4 Must Dos for Making the Transition from College to Work The transition out of college and into working life can be a bumpy one. There’s more competition for fewer jobs than ever. Here are 4 tips for how to maximize your chances of a smooth path  into your career. 1. Find an Internship Early OnA challenging internship in the field you’d like to enter is one of the best ways to set yourself up for career success while you’re still in school. This shows initiative, your ability to win competitive positions, and gives you a bunch of professional experience in your field before you’ve even graduated. Make sure to pick one that is as challenging, prestigious, and productive as possible- not to mention one that is a good fit for you. Do a bit of research first, then make the absolute most of it. Do your best to dazzle your superiors and keep in touch. They could be great resources for recommendations in your first job applications.2. Pretend you’re already in your careerWhile you’re working your part-t ime jobs and internships in college, don’t just treat them like side work while you finish your degree. Treat them like your first- or fifth!- adult job in your field. Treat your undergraduate present like your career future and you’ll be setting yourself up very well to step into that future when the time comes.3. Reach out and create a networkIt is crucial to be proactive and show the kind of initiative recruiters look for in an applicant. Go above and beyond every chance you get. Seek out mentors at your internships and jobs and express your interest to maximize your potential- and your resume. Set goals for yourself and keep yourself honest so you make sure to meet them- and keep meeting them.4. Get promotedThere are always opportunities for advancement and promotion. Seek these out early and often. Set up job alerts. Try working for larger companies that have multiple avenues to jobs higher up the ladder. Don’t get complacent in any one position. If you let everyone know you’re hungry, eager to keep learning and advancing, and you can prove your mettle, eventually your bosses and coworkers will know to think of you first when opportunities arise.

Marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing assignment - Essay Example We are now in an age where taking care of children is already a shared responsibility and as such, she should widen her segmentation to include the husband as well. Instead of just women, she should target both the mother and father who shares the parenting responsibility. Such, the best market for Trap-Ease are parents and not solely women. Martha should also capitalized on the non-poison aspect of controlling the mouse problem. Such, she should also target the environmentalist who are concerned with the use of poison in controlling the rodents as it contributes to global warming. Companies and industrial sites should also be targeted as they too have a pest issue to contend. The specification of Trap-Ease suits them as the product is well-designed that its aesthetics will fit the corporate and industrial setting. 4) Describe the current marketing mix for Trap-Ease. Do you see any problems with this mix? For the marketing mix of introducing her product to its target market, Martha h as Trap-Ease as a product. Her pricing seems to be okay because there is no apparent price resistance with the product. Given the cost that she needs to recoup, it is not advisable for her to cut its price but she just have to work on the scale of her sales.

Carbon Cap and Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon Cap and Trade - Research Paper Example Watch CO2Â  Now.org, the annual trend of CO2 emission has been on the rise since 1959 when the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere was 315.97 ppm. In 2014, the amount had spiraled to 398.55 ppm. As such many countries have joined in the race to reduce the rate of carbon emission into the atmosphere by enacting environmental policies aimed at cutting down the volume of CO2 released into the atmosphere through human activities and oblige to the Kyoto Protocol. Having gone through an introduction to the state of global CO2 emission, it is prudent to look at policies countries are implementing to reduce the rate of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. This paper focuses on Carbon Cap and Trade as a means of reducing the emissions of CO2 through human activities. Cap and trade refers to an environmental policy mechanism that achieves its mission by imposing mandatory cap on carbon emissions. According to this mechanism, a regulatory body, for example, the federal government, device and puts a cap on the acceptable volumes of emission of a pollutant (CO2) for specified polluters such as manufacturing companies. The overall amount of permissible emissions under the cap is apportioned into single permits. Emission permits are permits that give polluters the right to emit certain ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. Each permit gives the authority to emit a given volume of the pollutant. These permits are then distributed to polluters covered by the program. The cap specifies the maximum amount of tons of carbon that a polluter is allowed to emit. The cap limits the number of permits that can be issued to polluters, thus making the permits financially valuable items that can be bought and sold in an open market. Consequently, companies that are capab le of lowering their emissions at cheaply can sell their surplus permits to companies with high cost of reducing emissions. This approach offers companies the freedom to choose how to meet their emission targets. However, market

Discuss, analyze, and evaluate Robert Frank's famous photo- New Oleans Research Paper

Discuss, analyze, and evaluate Robert Frank's famous photo- New Oleans - Research Paper Example ty, he happened to show the photographs to a writer named Jack Keruoac, who immediately agreed to give him a good write up in response to his photographic works. From then on, there was no turning back as he embarked on a fruitful an interesting journey of success. One of his most successful photographs was titled â€Å"New Orleans† that Frank clicked while he was on one of his holiday trips with his family. All through the journey he had taken out many photographs, in fact about 27,000 thousand of them of which the photograph titled ‘New Orleans’ was one. From these photographs Frank chose 83 images for a vote which he published in 1958 and titled ‘Les Americains.’ All of Frank’s photographs speak volumes as each character seems so lifelike and filled with emotion. This famous photograph that was titled â€Å"New Orleans† was one that has stood the test of time, just for the sheer way in which it was captured. The photograph portrays an acute consciousness of the prevailing conditions in America when discrimination and segregation were at its peak. Frank’s camera explicitly captures the essence of a segregated trolley car of New Orleans, which shows its passengers seated one behind the oth er. The passengers were five in number comprising of three white individuals and two who were black. The photograph speaks for itself because as soon as you cast eyes on it, you could easily make out the social injustice with which the black population was treated. This particular photograph is filled with melancholic meaning and evokes a sense of sincerity and truth of what America was during the 50’s. This photograph is one of Frank’s most popular ones and finds its honorable place in most of the exhibitions around the world. During the editing of the photographs for the book ‘The Americans’, he placed two of his best images together placing them on the same negatives. These photographs were â€Å"Canal Street - New Orleans  " and the shot was a reverse angle

Same-sex marriage debate Essay Example for Free

Same-sex marriage debate Essay The world is constantly changing and evolving. It isnt possible to stop this from happening, but it is possible to stand up for what is morally right and for what isnt. And now, we are faced with what many people feel is the inevitable evolution of marriage: legalizing homosexual marriages. Not allowing homosexual marriages to be recognized by the government and to be legal would prevent changing a fundamental institution, would prohibit breaching the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and would prevent unthinkable consequences. Marriage has been around for as long as anyone can remember. And after all this time, it has changed very little in the eyes of the law. Every major religion and culture has embraced marriage as a unique relationship between a man and a woman. One of the only times marriage was altered, was when no-fault divorce was legalised. No-fault divorce was introduced, and it has proven to be a complete disaster for children and often for the adults involved. Statistics now show that 53% of marriages end in divorce. And now, we find ourselves gambling yet again with an institution that is foundational to the well-being of our children and a healthy society. The same argument once made in support of no-fault divorce, This will not affect good marriages and healthy families, is now being made in support of gay marriage. Yet we have no credible evidence to prove that altering our marriage laws again will be any less problematic for children and society than was no-fault divorce. The painful lessons we have learned as a result of no-fault divorce should stop this process cold in its tracks. To fundamentally change an institution whose worth has been proved over thousands of years and in hundreds of cultures risks unintended and unexpected consequences. It is with infinite caution that any man ought to venture upon pulling down an edifice which has answered in any tolerable degree for ages the common purposes of society. Secondly, it has been argued that prohibiting homosexuals to marry would breach the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter was modified in 1981 with the following heading Whereas Canada is founded upon the principles  that recognize the supremacy of God and the rule of law. With such an acknowledgement, how could the acceptance of same-sex marriages even be considered? Time and again, the Bible clearly states and demonstrates Gods position on homosexuality: Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed because of homosexuality (Gen 18:20-21; 19:5-7, 13); Homosexuals will not inherit the kingdom of God (1 Cor 6:9-10); Those who practice homosexuality are called perverted men (Jdg 19:22); The penalty under the Old Testament for homosexuality was death (Lev 20:13); It is abominable, whether committed by men or women (Ro 1:26-27) Three Ontario judges stated that prohibiting gay couples from marrying violates the Charter The Charter, acknowledging the supremacy (ie. dominion, preeminence) of God strikes down any notion that same-sex marriages can be accepted in Canada. Thirdly, the Marriage Act of Ontario, when speaking of a marriage mentions a man and wife. How does a same-sex couple fit this definition? The same document outlines a list of people whom a man cannot marry (grandmother, mother, daughter, sister, granddaughter). Likewise, a list of people whom a woman cannot marry is provided (grandfather, father, son, brother, grandson). If the Marriage Act permitted homosexual marriages, why is a man not restricted from marrying his grandfather, father, son, brother, grandson? And likewise, why is a woman not restricted from marrying her grandmother, mother, daughter, sister, granddaughter? It is for the simple reason that same-sex marriages do not fall within the framework of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Marriage Act of Ontario, or most importantly, Gods holy word. To change the definition of marriage would be to change the nature of marriage; to recommend that, the full impact of the change must be understood. And that impact must be considered not just at the individual level, but most importantly at the societal level, and not just for the present, but also the future. Definition (and language in general) create human reality. We dont just change words, we change the nature of an entity when we redefine it. Definitions are frames that we place on events, concepts or circumstances, in order to give them meaning we frame reality with language in order to find meaning in that reality. Those in the gay community who want same-sex marriage are right to seek meaning in their relationships and to want to have that meaning publicly recognized. They are wrong, however, to try to do it by co-opting the institution of marriage. The institution of marriage cannot function in that way without being deformed and destroyed.

Analysis of Richard Adams Watership Down :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hazel became the leader of the rabbits once they left their original warren. He was a very smart and tricky rabbit who won the respect and trust of the other rabbits by his courage and many great deeds. He always handled problems calmly so others would also remained calm. Whenever a plan was needed, Hazel would always come up with one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fiver, the younger brother of Hazel, was unique because of his small size and ability to foresee danger. He saved the rabbits from death by warning some rabbits of the danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bigwig, a great fighting and courageous rabbit, was essential for the success of the traveling rabbits. He loved to fight and always did his best to protect the others. He was also the bird Kehaar’s best friend and enjoyed spending time with him. Blackberry was the most intelligent rabbit in the group. For example, he made a boat to cross a river although the others had never even seen or understood the floating concept. Blackberry always helped Hazel to think of ideas when problems arose. Dandelion, another smart rabbit, was known for his speed and for his great story telling of El-ahrairah, the rabbit folk hero. He could always tell stories which distracted and eased the rabbits from problems. Pipkin, a good friend of Fiver, was small like Fiver but acted as if he was as big as Bigwig. He always did what he was told and never complained. PLOT One day Fiver, sensing danger, convinced his brother Hazel that they must leave their warren. Hazel tried to warn the Chief Rabbit of the danger, but he did not listen. Hazel gathered a group and went along the brook until they reached another warren of rabbits. These rabbits were very strange and acted differently from other rabbits. Hazel and his group decided to leave after Bigwig got caught in a wire. The man would feed the rabbits so they would become big and healthy; then the man would kill them. After many days of travel, Hazel and the others came to Watership Down, which was an excellent place for a warren. The soil was perfect, and enemies could be spotted from many miles away. Here they dug a burrows where the rabbits were happy. Hazel made friends with animals such as mice and even a bird named Kehaar. Hazel then realized that the warren needed does to survive. He used Kehaar to find some does. They made a raid on a farm and brought back two does. Then three of four rabbits left to visit a big warren to ask for

The article ‘Rebirth of a Profession’ discusses the new Codes of Practice for social care workers and their employers

The article ‘Rebirth of a Profession' discusses the new Codes of Practice for social care workers and their employers, together with the accompanying register, which were published in September 2002 by the General Social Care Council (GSCC). It puts forward the view that this is the culmination of a twenty-year-old dream and the fulfilment of social worker's hopes. Within this assignment the author's reasons for this view and the quality of the argument will be analysed and evaluated using the processes of critical thinking. In order to do this thoroughly Damer's (1995, cited by Gibbs & Gambrill, 1999, p206) four criteria of a good argument will be heeded. If any of these are violated, he states, then the argument is flawed. The criteria require that the reasons must be relevant, acceptable and constitute sufficient grounds for the truth of the conclusion. Finally the reasons should provide effective rebuttal to all reasonable challenges to the argument. Before this can be achieved, consideration of what critical thinking is and its' relevance to social work needs to be undertaken. Critical thinking involves the critical appraisal of beliefs, arguments and claims in order to arrive at well-reasoned judgements. † (Gibbs and Gambrill, 1996, p. 3). Whilst this definition is not absolute it provides a sound basis from which to commence and points to it's application to social care. Social care staff frequently need to evaluate information to solve problems effectively and come to well-developed decisions. Swartz & Parks (1994, p. 338) argue that assessing the reasonableness of ideas is crucial and failing to do so runs the risk of acting on ideas that are incorrect and may lead to harm. The article tries to convince the reader that the codes are a ‘dream come true' because they will give social care staff increased status, raise standards of care and increase shared responsibility between workers and employers. The actual codes are not given, perhaps based on the assumption that readers of Community Care, a specialist magazine for social care staff, are already familiar with them. The reasons, given above, fulfil the relevance criteria in that if accepted they contribute to the truth of the conclusion. Whether they are acceptable will be examined later. The fifth paragraph offers an analogy with the Nurse's Code, though the work of nurses is not strictly analogous to that of social care staff. Relevant similarities exist – they both deal with vulnerable people, are working to achieve the best possible outcome for the service user and in both cases a mistake could result in serious consequences. The differences, however, question the value of the analogy as evidence (Brink-Budgen, 2000, p. 53). Nursing is a more structured profession and focuses on the ‘medical model' whereas social work deals with a number of different perspectives and models and thus is harder to define. Furthermore, as is stated in the article, the new social work code applies to a range of social care jobs. Therefore it is dubious as to whether the nurses code is relevant or comparable. Fallacies and assumptions, apparent in the reasoning, detract from the acceptability of the argument. Emotional language is used to divert the reader's attention from the real issues. This is illustrated in the first two sentences of the article; the first sentence evokes feelings of pathos followed by the second, which raises the reader to a sense of elation and optimism on behalf of social care staff. In order for the claim that the code will increase successful recruitment to be true, it is necessary to assume that difficulties in recruiting social care staff are due to a previous lack of standards. However there is no consideration given to alternatives such as salary, nor is there evidence to support this assumption. Brookfield (1987, p. ) states that identifying and challenging assumptions is central to critical thinking and develops our contextual awareness. Omissions in the article contribute to a permeating sense of vagueness and lack of clarity. Little evidence/research is presented for the claims made that could be considered to be of reliable quality or easily testable. Instead words such as ‘many', ‘often' and ‘most' are used to precede a claim duping the reader into accepting the claim as truth. For example how many social workers see the nurses code as ‘an enviable badge of professionalism'? On what has the author based the claim that most social workers have this view? Likewise, nowhere in the article is evidence or service user perspectives indicated to support the claim that the code represents ‘a major gain' for them. Considering that the service user is central to social care and the current trend is towards increased service user consultation this is a glaring omission (Lloyd, 2002, p. 164). Compounding the tone of vagueness are unexplained terms and concepts, used within the article, which without resort to further information, leads to a difficulty in deciding whether the premises are sound (Browne & Keeley, 2001, pp. 41-58). For example – How will the special health hearings work? What sorts of health issues are included? Because this is not determined, it seems alarmist and raises questions of possible discrimination in the workplace. This is particularly damaging in that anti-discriminatory practice is a core value of social work, which should constantly underpin practice. The issue of accountability is also ambiguous and concerning – what is meant by the term ‘individually accountable'? Davies (ed. , 2000) states that â€Å"Accountability†¦ at first†¦ a simple concept, is in reality complex when applied to the practice of social work. There are a least four answers to the question: ‘to whom is the social worker accountable for her or his actions? ‘†. Accountability also holds connotations of blame (Banks, 2002, p. 30) which further demonstrates the importance of clear and unequivocal language (Adams et al. , eds. 2002). Having examined Damer's (1995) first three criteria the ‘rebuttal criterion' will now be attended to. In order for this to be fulfilled the author should acknowledge any counter arguments and respond to them in a reasonable and straightforward way. Let us come back to the analogy with the nurse's code. On the surface it appears to be a reasonable counter-argument, pointing out that the nurse's code has not fulfilled expectations although it is ‘a useful guide'. In my opinion, however, it is a thinly veiled attempt to discredit the nurse's code as inferior to the new social work code – partly on the basis that the nurse's code does not include employers (paragraph ten) although the previous paragraph seems to contradict this point. In paragraph eleven the author raises questions which allude to possible negative effects of the code but these are skimmed over and the information that follows seems purposefully vague. This assignment set out to examine the article using critical thinking skills and this has been achieved through the use of questioning and paying attention to problems in the reasoning, arguments and claims made. Unfortunately it has not been possible to raise everything discussed in the article. However, it has considered the strength of the article based on Damer's (1995) four criteria and been found lacking. Therefore, without clarifications and resort to further information, I can only conclude that the argument is flawed and, at this point, reject it as incomplete.