Organizational Change & Leadership from a Systems Perspective Essay

There are many aspects to running a successful organization. The dream of running a business initially starts off as a vision in the mind of the founder. That vision materializes into the mission statement, and progresses on to becoming an organization worthy of being put into a business plan. After completion of the many administrative and legal steps required, one must make sure to hire good people. A successful business will start with positive human interaction. The people of the organization must have the skillset to progressively advocate, not only for the clients, but also for that of the organization. The members of our organization must have the ability to see the vision and the willingness to work hard to make the organization successful. I will discuss the leadership that will best benefit our dream organization based on our staff input. I will also discuss from a systems perspective what organizational force will energize human services to our staff and clients. I will ad dress the six functions that are salient which work together and contribute to the efficiency of the dream organization, and last, but not least, I will discuss the leadership role in the conceptual framework for human service management. I believe our dream organization to be diverse in all aspects. A diverse model would suit the needs of the community, but I would have to say both the diverse and visionary model would best accommodate the needs of all staff involved with the growth of the organization. As stated in an article I read, people often associate qualities to the leaders that are inherent in the personality of the leader. Credible leadership reflects concerns about image, professional appearances are key to success (Chin, 2011). Leaders need to acknowledge the challenges in making decisions in diverse organizations; â€Å"become more comfortable with tension and complexity†; one must be more strategic in their thinking, considering diversity issues in the context of mission, vision, and strategy (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis,  2012). The founder will set the example of behavior by encouraging respect for all staff members. Management will promote understanding of values and traditions from the diverse population the organization will provide service to. Strong leadership has a trickle-down effect. If our management team is strong, the staff will follow. A diverse leadership that has a vision to lead will show our clients that anything they put their mind to is attainable. Goals were set by each staff member and as a team we all brainstormed those goals to make sure they were attainable and met the needs of the organization. Our organization provides a service to the females of our community and it is important that we impact their lives by the examples we set as management. We will employ a diverse population of females from all aspects of life to support our organizational desire to provide needed services to our community. We will have interns from the college on site with hopes of being financially able to hire those showing to be outstanding with their volunteer ability. Staff will have input in how the operation is run. We will also give the client a chance to provide input as they work through our program. The life skill classes we will be providing will enhance the client’s desires and expectations in life. Leadership traits ideal to our agency are the task oriented Behaviors According to Lewis, Packard, and Lewis (2012). In order to run a successful organization a leader must have these traits and they are Intelligence: be able to run the organization, Self-confidence: must be confident in the work that is being done, Determination: the desire to get the job done persistence dominance and drive, Integrity, High energy level, tolerance for stress, social intelligence, emotional stability, sociability agreeableness and lastly conscientiousness material A leader must possess knowledge and understanding of the organization (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012) . The Contingency Theory of leadership theory basically suggest that there is no one way to lead and every situation is differently and the different behaviors are appropriate for different situations (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012). The systems perspective is full of subsystems according to Lewis, Packard, and Lewis (2012), all subsystems work together first with planning, budgeting, designing, staffing, supervising, evaluating which are all important to the systems. Without one you cannot proceed to the other (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, 2012). Leadership must look at the  subsystems, and make sure the organization is on track. Management must make sure to have the proper skillset of employee in each department. All six sub-systems must work together to assure the success of the organization. One of the images in the reading showed leadership to be the center of the organization. Leadership is surrounded by designing, budgeting, staffing, supervising, planning, monitoring and evaluating. I would hold to that order and consider it a key to success. In conclusion, our dream organization will make sure we hold to the vision of the founder while keep the mission statement in mind as we provide service to the community. After reading the many different leadership styles available to various organizations, I have come to the conclusion that is to the advantage of the organization to input a little of all the various means of leadership into the organization in order to successfully run the organization. There is no right or wrong way and you must tweak the various leaderships in order to create the one that will best suit your organization. When we look at the system and the systems perspective and evaluated how they work, it is key that the leader manage them and understand how each system operates. Management must give positive direction and clear instruction as to what the outcome should be at any given stage. When each step of the system are completed accurately, and in order, you are setting the organization up to succeed References Chin, J. L. (2011). Women and Leadership; Transforming Visions and Current Contexts. Forum On Public Policy Online, 2. Retrieved from http://www.forumonpublicpolicy.com Lewis, J. A., Packard, T. R., & Lewis, M. D. (2012). Management of Human Service Programs (5th ed.). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Leadership Style Essay

The main focus of any organization is viability or productivity (Mastrangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet, 2004). This is further heightened by the increasing changes in product market activities (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), 2001). The fact that consumers now have a better and affordable access to market information has brought about an increase in their market power and the resultant effect is a more challenging and competitive market especially in the private sector. The public sector on the other hand is under increasing pressure for a more effective utilization of public funds. Consequently, the quest for a competitive advantage and increasingly better performance is becoming a major factor for consideration in virtually all organizations. In this light, the CIPD (2001) emphasized on the role of leadership as a major factor essential for an enhanced organizational performance. Taormina (2008) supported this in stating that in leadership is vested the ability to decide how organizations will be run and it plays a major role in influencing the organization to success. The CIPD (2001) further added that leadership (or people management) is the main element harnessing other success factors in an organization for effectiveness. A number of authors have also supported the foregoing discussions on the leader-success relationship (e. g Harris and Kuhnert 2008; Mastrangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet, 2004). Furthermore, research works have identified certain pointers to high performance leadership. A major one among these is leadership behavior or leadership style (Mastrangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet, 2004; Taormina, 2008). Leadership Style and Organizational Success: Drawing a Correlation Leadership style is one of the major traits that may be used to draw a line of difference between high performance and low performance organizations (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001). Since the management in an organization has a great impact on how it will be run, the style of leadership within the management cycle has a way of dictating the direction that such an organization will go. Taormina (2008) buttressed this point in his work. He established the fact that leadership behavior go along way in determining the culture or the prevailing atmosphere in an organization and this will in turn affect employees’ attitude towards performance and ultimate success of such an organization. A number of dichotomies on leadership behavior have been presented. However, leadership style can be broadly categorized into two – ‘People-Centered’ leadership and ‘Task-Centered’ leadership (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001 pg 150; Taormina, 2008 pg. 87). ‘People-Centered’ leadership Versus ‘Task-Centered’ leadership Various progressive attempts have been made at investigating leadership from the behavioral angle. However, a remarkable point was reached in the 1950s with the introduction of ‘Ohio State model’ which talked about ‘task-oriented’ and ‘people-oriented’ leadership (Taormina, 2008 pg. 87). These two categories seem to have been a perfect one that describes leadership behaviors because it is still being referred as at present. According to Adeyemi-Bello (2001), task-oriented style emphasizes on production and organizational goals. This leadership style is concerned about how the organizational goals may be implemented. People-oriented leaders on the other hand show great concern for the followers (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001). They create a warm environment within the organization and foster a strong positive relationship among members of the organization. While this style offers a system that respects the personality, feelings and opinions of the employees and gives them a feeling of empowerment (Taormina, 2008), task oriented approach is thirsty for achievements sometimes at all cost (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001). Subsequent studies after the initial presentation of these leadership models have made attempts at differentiating between them. The intention was to determine which one should be preferred above the other. However, Adeyemi-Bello (2001) explained that current researches have shown that preferences for any of the two styles depend on the current situation within the organization. There are cases where one style will fail to impact a good result, not because it is less effective but because the situation at hand does not create an environment conducive for its functionality (Mastrangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet, 2004). Furthermore, Jacques, Garger and Thomas (2008) remarked that the recent behavioral theory of leadership took the studies a step further by suggesting that the two behavioral approaches will be more effective when adequately blended under any given situation. Their paper revealed that graduates of project management performs better in leadership than those from another management related courses because of their ability to blend the two leadership styles; a training that the other group did not receive. Adeyemi-Bello (2001) had earlier presented this fact in her work. The result of her survey on 29 Baptist church leaders shows a better result when the two styles were combined in church leadership than when each one was singly adopted. She concluded for the extension of these results into leadership in other realms of human activities. The implications of these results are quite obvious. A paradigm shift in the content and delivery of leadership training programs has become very necessary. The current training inculcating strategic planning and tasks-focused practices should pave way for a more balanced approach in management training. People managers should also learn to engage in a better interpersonal relationship with those under them, create a warmer environment conducive for a healthy work relationship, and engage in strategies that will give employees a feeling of empowerment (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Monstarangelo, Eddy and Lorenzet, 2004; Taormina, 2008). The case of Kleine Plastics in the UK presented by Ludlow (1987) serves as a good example in driving home the points that has been raised so far (in Tyson and Kakabadse eds. ). The work contrasted between the leadership attributes of Joseph Kleine, the founder of Kleine Plastics and that of David, his son at a particular time during the early stages of the company’s development. It reviews Joseph Kleine’s attitude as ‘a charismatic leader with whom his managers and work force wish to identify’ (pg. 23). He engages a style that trusted and respected his employees and empathizes with their situations. To him, these people were his main assets. This, coupled with his result oriented tendencies, propelled the work force towards a high performance level. However, David Kleine could not maintain this approach when he had to stand in during his father’s absence. He wanted result at all cost without due regards for his team members. Objections to his propositions by his managers were downplayed no matter how genuine they may be. Though work was still progressing, enthusiasm and productivity level dwindled. The return of Joseph was welcomed with protests from every quarter. David style was found to be less effective because of its lack of ‘human face’. Conclusion Leadership style is an issue that will still continue to be a subject of interest among research workers. The world is ever changing and people are becoming increasingly dynamic in attitude and thinking. This calls for a leadership approach that will keep up with the pace of the changes. A dynamic leader is one that is better equipped to respond to changes and easily enlist the cooperation of people in managing them effectively towards a greater level of production performance.

AutoTextList s NoStyle tPlease enter the titl Essays - Economy

AutoTextList \s NoStyle \t "Please enter the title of your essay here. Remember that all major words should begin with a capital letter. Also do notbold, underline, or italicize your title."Case 11-3 BudgetAutoTextList\s NoStyle \t "Please type in your first and last name"Tara JohnsonAutoTextList \s NoStyle \t "Type in your name name and number and then give the course title. For example, ENG 121: English Composition I"INF 336 Project ProcurementAutoTextList \s NoStyle \t "Enter your instructor's first and last name here. For example, Prof. Emily Nye"Abbie BellerAutoTextList \s NoStyle \t "Enter the date you will submit this assignment. The date should go Month Day, Year. For example: January 2, 2014"December 11, 2017 Case 3-11 BudgetOrganizationsgo through many changes within the organization due to outsourcing, eBusiness and with the increase of globalization. Supply management and purchasing are considered hair raisers in any company and it is a major concern for the purchasing manager who must maintain and adhere to a budget. Service focused businesses are beginning to dominate major economies. When a company is marketing a product, it is their job to ensure that the product iscompelling, the companyalsoneeds to have the manpower to handle the workload of producing the product at an attractive price.Companies must recognize purchasing as supply management if they are going to remain competitive. In market transactions the price of the goods or service is determined by supply and demand in the market.Tocreate aprofit,the purchase price should be lower than the selling price. When we look at the example ofCase 3-11 Carmichael Corporation, they needed the product MS-7 but would it be worth it in the end to purchase it? The price of the MS-7 had greatly increased and that could cut into the company'sprofitability. At this point, they canconsiderother products that are cheaper but produce the same results. This is where strategic cost management comes into play. When a companyunderstandcosts that support their strategic position and which costs have either no impact or weakens it, the goal isto reduce the total costs while improving the strategic position of the business. Before Amanda Tellford, of the Carmichael Corporation decides to cut corners she needs to understand that cost is a strategic issue and should be looked at in the long term. She really needs to get a better understanding ofhersuppliers and their business and somehow help them toimprove their processes and with the end goal of loweringthe company's costs.Her business and the product that they market are unique.Since Brisson is planning to corner the market, I feel that she probably will be better off if she joined forces with Brisson. The MS-7 that her company needs will be made locally within the US and even though the price might be higher than what she's used to the product turn around should be quicker. It is not in the best interest for her company to try to manufacture the product themselves because they don't know how well the product will do in the future months. So, let Brisson make the initial investment and as the market grows and gets stable then the Carmichael Corporation can make and manufacture their own MS-7. But, on the other hand if everything busts and it's a failure they are not out of any money. She needs to keep in mind the learning curve and man hours that it will take to manufacture the MS-7 and to make a huge investment like that when you are not sure is notbusiness smart. The companyshould all concentrate on the need to provide the best products to their customers as a wayof beating or remainingcompetitivein the market rather than over concentrating on what other companies are doing (Weele, 2010).Amanda will waste precious time and resources worrying over things that can't be changed. Deliver a superior product and have good service and the customers will come. Even if

Finding a paper for my final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Finding a paper for my final project - Essay Example Consequently, organizations have a chance of minimizing their IT based capital expenditures. Cloud computing services ensure that large and small organizations have the potential of attaining optimum IT based functionalities. These occur as the organizations face stiff competition and different government regulations on data-storage needs and computing. However, market factors and the management of the organizations may hinder or influence the engagement of the organizations in the cloud computing strategies. Such contributes in the reduction of the ability of organizations to engage in IT related infrastructure for business growth and improvement on competitive strength. Another key issue is the technical ability of the organization, which determines the potential of the organization to handle its cloud computing. This entails information sharing, cost savings, in-house degradation performance and the other associated performance over the in-house. Such depicts the trust level for the deployment of the effective cloud computing infrastructure, which makes the organization have the potential of achieving its success in the competitive business

Philosophy of Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Time - Essay Example On the other hand, Isaac Newton defined a number of significant ideas including that of time. Even though he understood that clocks were imperfect and measuring time was subjected to human fault, he believed that absolute time was comparable to a worldwide, supreme God-like time, one similar to everyone, in all places; people would experience time in a similar manner no matter the place. Since chronological time is solely somewhat adequate in an experiential sense and totally inadequate to clutch the meaning of aging, there is need to combine both a broader cultural and a personal sense to revive other temporal perspectives. The aim of both perspectives, symbolized in the main positions of Augustine, Aristotle, the existential philosopher Heidegger, and phenomenologist Husserl, has been to make up time as such from their views. There are benefits that an individual might derive from philosophy of time. First there is a clear relationship between the human mind and time. St Augustine adopted a subjective opinion of time stating, "It is in you, O my mind, that I measure time,† (St. Augustine) meaning that human mind actually structures a person’s perception so that he can know the fact that time is likened to a mathematical line. In this theory therefore, I believe that time is a form of conscious knowledge, and people’s sense of it is a vital condition of their sensation or experience. Philosophy of time is important in planning for the past, the present, and the future. C.S. Lewis argues that our life changes with time. He articulated that "The duration of consciousness is not the same as the consciousness of duration." (C.S. Lewis). One moment disappears when another moment sets in and this is what gives room for noticeable developments in one’s life. This arrangement is not the only way that life is experienced by each one of us, but also the way by which all things happen or exist. We tend to assume that everything happens just the way we wish it to happen, when time elapses. Philosophy of time is a crucial factor in each one’s life. Life comes with it the opportunity to discover the livelihood of a person, to learn about anything, and to relate with nature. Modern society has an impact on the daily lives of individuals and therefore, the sense of efficiency result in increased responsibilities and tasks, which must be completed within a short time. No wonder Marcus Aurelius stated, "If you want to stop wasting your life in vain fantasies, perform every act in life as though it were your last," (Marcus Aurelius) to mean that people should not spend much of their time thinking of impossibilities, but rather use that chance to the maximum and to their best. People need to employ their time wisely, avoiding too much hurry to pause and taste life; they should never loss their sense of the extensive value of a single minute. In the Zen philosophy and time nature, William Blake is quoted attributing, - "The essence of Zen is to learn to do just one thing at a time" (William Blake). In my understanding, this implies that people ought to learn to live like ancient philosophers, by having specifications in their daily chores. Lacking this kind of philosophical thought of time may mess up an individual’s activities. Doing too much at ago violates the meaning and significance of how wisely a person should utilize time. Striving to achieve every goal at ago may only lead

Discussion Questions Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion Questions Week 5 - Essay Example Thus, in order to evaluate whether the quality of the product (which is often equated with the chemical content, presentation, and packaging) is met, knowledge of the statistical concepts and their application is crucial. I must admit that without attending this class, I will remain ignorant of the use of statistics in addressing the concerns. Equipped with the knowledge and skill taught by my professor, I am confident to use the methods in ensuring that our meat processing plant will be successful in marketing high quality products by an everyday evaluation of whether quality goals are met. Regression analysis is a important statistical tool which is used to identify the relationship between variables. In conducting regression analysis, one needs to be aware of its basic principles and considerations. First, the sample from where the inference prediction is to be generated must be a representative of the population. It should be noted that this assumption is almost always a requirement for statistical tests. Secondly, the dependent variable is subject to error which is assumed to be a random variable having a standard distribution. On the other hand, the independent variable is error free and the predictors should be linearly correlated. In the meat processing plant where I work, regression analysis can be utilized in order for the management to know the relationship between the group of employees working for the meat processing plant and product quality. It should be noted that in my company there are two groups manning the 12-hour operation. Each of these groups takes 6 hours which is the amount of time needed for one batch of processing. Product of quality can be measured through the number of rejects and those which did not pass quality control. This regression analysis can point out if any of the group performs better and can help the management to reward and motivate

2500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2500 - Essay Example The bearing used for this specific case of wind turbine is ball-bearings. The ball-bearings are used for low load and high speed machines. The ball bearings are generally manufactured from steel material. This material is preferred choice due to its high strength, and resistance of corrosion and high fatigue strength. As per standard practice, the outer race of the ball bearing is manufactured from high alloy steel bar, in most of the cases the inner races, wear rings are also manufactured from the same material. The recommended steel alloy for such manufacturing is BMS-931 and 8720H. The manufacturing process begins with the forging of the steel bar, the material is forged into different shapes like cups, cones etc. The forging process is generally hot forging; this process shall release thermal stresses from the material during the process. The forging process can be explained as, "exposure of the steel bar in the induction heater system, the heating process is halted after the temperature reaches the melting point of the material; at this temperature maximum formability for hot forging is attained". After the completion of hot forging, the material is pierced. The material used for the manufacturing is SAE-521000; the material is used in the form of forged rings. The centre-less grinding is applied on the material, which is extremely rough machining process. The material is then treated at high temperature, after which the hardness of the material is checked. The grinding on the material is conducted to secure smooth surface finish. During the process the material undergoes "honing and super finishing followed by washing; later anti-rush agent is applied on the object" (Bruce, 1997). The heat treatment process is extremely critical, and during this process the ample exposure to the heat will release thermal stresses within the object. The process is conducted "to

HIV Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HIV Testing - Essay Example On the one hand the need for prevention of HIV transmission clearly rectifies the need for antenatal scanning. On the other hand the choice of conduction of the test is in the hands of the patient and not the hospital or healthcare providers. To do so with out the patient's consent would be illegal and undesirable. The psychological and social disadvantages are one of the major concerns for the patients. (Mercey, 1998) Therefore in order to encourage patients, the testing must in these cases ensure protection against "discrimination, stigmatism and violence."(HIV in pregnancy, 1998) The guidelines put forward by the UK government state that by the 31December 2000, all women are to be offered an HIV test as part of their integral care. The guidelines also insist upon increasing antenatal HIV testing to 50% or more. Further, the guidelines state that these percentages must be increased to 90% so that 80% of the women can be identified for HIV during antenatal testing. (DoH,1999) the policy although well made fails to mention issues of HIV related to immigration, asylum, care for children living in the UK with the disease or parents with disease, and support for mothers who are HIV positive.(Kawonza, 2002) There is no doubt that the identification of the disease in a ... There is no doubt that the identification of the disease in a woman beforehand is better than discovering it late. The chances of reducing the baby's risk of getting HIV can be halved through avoiding breast feeding. (Dunn et al, 1992) These chances can be further reduced via the administration of Zidovudine. (Conner et al, 1994) The policy of universal testing has been introduces, so as encourage women in to taking the test. In this way patients living in area of high risk will be more willing to take the test, as oppose to targeting some part of the total population. (Kawonza, 2002) However, despite efforts, Nicoll et al reports antenatal detection rates of only 7%, with no signs of improvement over time.(Nicoll, 1996p 253). This could be due to patient's fear of breach of confidentiality, especially when the patient herself has just recently found our about her HIV status or when she has not informed anyone of her condition. The introduction of cesarean in cases of HIV positive mothers is currently one of the most recommended techniques to reduce the chances of the baby getting infected. This technique has gained much popularity and approval among the health care workers, and is now currently used in conjunction with antiretroviral drug therapy and avoidance of breast feeding. Clayden (2005) in reference to the renewed guidelines set by the UK relating to pregnancy states that the mode of delivery recommended in such cases is elective caesarean at 38 weeks. Although she does emphasizes on the maternal consent in this regard. (Clayden, 2005) Note that the risk of getting HIV is high at 34 weeks of gestation. (European study, 1992) Although the benefits of choosing caesarean as the mode of delivery does have its merits,

HUMAN RESOURCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HUMAN RESOURCE - Essay Example In this paper we would understand the nature and the role of the learners or the employees in the process of training of the employees. We would undertake the study of the different learning theories and the learning styles of the individuals. Further we undertake the study of the planning and the designing procedures of the training and the development programs. We undertake case studies to evaluate the design of the training programs undertaken in different organizations. We also evaluate the purpose of the evaluation of the programs; finally the study of the initiatives provided by the government in the training of the employees is undertaken. Teaching or development and learning are interactive and two way processes. People are different from each other and have different styles or methods of learning. Teaching is a process of intervening in the learning habits so as to help in the learning procedure. The HRD team aims at involving the employees in new experiences and opportunities. There are different theories that have been developed for the learning styles and the procedures of the subject. Each theory has a different approach to the procedure of learning. Under this section we undertake the study of the learning theories developed by Honey and Mumford (1982) and Kolb (1979) to analyze the different learning styles. Honey and Mumford (1982): Honey and Mumford undertook studies to develop a learning style questionnaire (LSQ), this questionnaire helps in understanding the preferred learning style of a individual. The study of Honey and Mumford (1982) divide the learners and classify them into four different sub groups. The questionnaire developed by them helps the identification and the classification of the individual into the sub group. The groups have been classified according to the traits, environments and the participation of the individuals in the learning procedure. The

The Adventures of the speckled band Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of the speckled band Essay I am going to compare the opening pages of two detective stories The Adventures of the speckled band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Miss Marples Final cases by Agatha Christie. I am then going to find out what is the most convincing and why. In the beginning of the Speckled Band it starts off with Holmes sidekick, Dr Watson examining his case notes on examining my notes. He talks about the way that every one of the cases is unusual a large number merely strange. He then recollects on one specific story. He then sets the scene of when Sherlock is woken up by a woman. He then talks about Holmes then going down stairs to meet her and discover the situation that she is in. At the beginning of Miss Marples Final Cases it starts off just like an ordinary day. The Vicars wife comes into the church to do her flower arranging as usual. It was a cold day but also sunny as she did so the sun came out. Whilst inside the church she noticed something huddled on the chancel On the chancel steps was a huddled dark form. She then realised that it was a man. He then utters the word sanctuary twice. The similarities between the two beginnings are that they both start off in quite a normal way. This is seen in the way the Vicars wife is doing the ordinary thing of flower arranging arranged the blooms in their holders. Another way in which they are similar is that each of the extracts gives small hints of things like death fear and darkness. For example in the Adventures of the Speckled Band the woman says, it is fear, Mr Holmes, it is terror and in Miss Marples Final Cases Bunch says to herself, I dont want to die of cold. The differences between these two stories are that the Adventures of the Speckled Band is set in Victorian times whereas the other story is set more in the 1930s. You can tell this by the words used. For instanced in the Adventures of the Speckled Band it says Knocked up instead of woken up. Another difference between the stories is that the Agatha Christie novel is set in the countryside whereas the Arthur Conan Doyle novel is set closer to a city or town. In the Adventures of the Speckled Band the story is told through the eyes of Dr Watson who is Sherlock Holmes best friend. All of the events are also seen through the eyes of Dr Watson. In Miss Marples Final Cases the author tells the story. Again the author sees all of the events. In the first extract there are only three characters Dr Watson, Sherlock Holmes and a woman. Two people are mentioned but do not appear. Dr Roylott the death of Dr Grimesby Roylott and Mrs Hudson Mrs Hudson has had the good sense to light the fire. In the second extract there is the first character, which is the Vicars wife. Then there is the man on the chancel. What we realise about the characters is that Holmes believes in logic and is very observant for I observe you are shivering. I think that Dr Watson thinks that Holmes is very clever and shows a bit of jealousy because of it perhaps just a little resentment. The woman seems to be very agitated and afraid of something because of the way she shivers. In the second extract the Vicars wife seems to be quite a pleasant woman. She also seems to be slightly untidy because of the way she wears her hat more rakishly than it had done before. I think the Adventures of the Speckled Band is made interesting by the way you know that the woman is worried about something but you dont know what until you read on. I also think it is made interesting by the way Dr Watson says that all of Sherlock Holmes cases are unusual but none commonplace. So this tells you that this one is going to be just as unusual. I think that Miss Marples Final Cases is made interesting by the way it is just an ordinary day until one small thing happens. Also because of this one thing you want to find out what is going on and why it has happened. I noticed that there is a difference between the language used in each of these extracts. You can tell that the Adventures of the Speckled Band was written earlier because of the words and phrases used like a young lady has arrived in a considerable state of excitement. With quotes like this it makes it more difficult to understand. Whereas the Agatha Christie novel is a lot easier to understand because the words used are a lot more similar to the ones that we use today. I would have to say that I prefer the Miss Marples Final Cases. This is because I think that the way the story starts is very good for drawing you into the story. By having something out of the ordinary happen in an ordinary situation. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Effectiveness of Different Coaching Styles in Sport

Effectiveness of Different Coaching Styles in Sport Sports Coaching CONTENTS (JUMP TO) Principles and best practice in coaching The effectiveness of different styles of coaching in different contexts How models of coaching can help practitioners References Principles and best practice in coaching The ideal of sport has changed markedly in the past fifteen to twenty years (Polley, 1998)[1]. What was once seen as leisure and/or a recreational activity is now viewed primarily as a vehicle through which one can instigate deep-seated cultural and societal change. This is especially true in the UK which has a particularly insipid connection to sport with a variety of games considered endemic in British society; indeed, many of the most popular sports in the world were played first in Britain and their governing bodies still reside within British state borders. As a result, as Dawn Penney (2000:59) declares, sport, society and equity are interlinked to a degree that has only very recently been acknowledged by academic, specifically sociological, study. â€Å"Physical education and sport are part of our social and cultural worlds. The relationship is dynamic, with the policies and practices of physical education reflecting, but also clearly shaping (reproducing and/or challenging), the values and interests of broader society.†[2] It is for this reason that the concept of ‘best practice’ has attained a new level of significance in recent years relating specifically to the adoption of the finest possible academic, psychological and ethical procedures especially with regards to children and young people so as to prepare them mentally and physically for the multiple demands of adult life whether this be in a sporting or non‑sporting context. ‘Best practice’ utilises research conducted primarily between the years 1950 to 1980 with the implementation of these strategies taking place over the past thirty years. It is a wholly recent phenomenon and, as such, is lacking in some areas of research compared to other fields of sociological study. However, in the twenty first century the amount of attention devoted to the subject is likely to increase with the dual spectre of globalisation and commercialisation making sports a highly lucrative hub of activity. The principles governing the concept of ‘best practice’ are centred upon the twin aims of forging a common sense of unity and teamwork within a group of players and at the same time to nurture individual skill and flair on a one-to-one basis so that the more gifted players’ skills are honed without neglecting the primacy of the team as the over-riding ethos of ‘best practice’. This essential dualism which resides at the epicentre of ‘best practice’ coaching concepts is inherently affected by the evolution of sports players as they grow up. For instance, young players (aged six to ten years old) are much more inclined to gravitate towards the individual element of sports and competition with the group dynamic coming at a later age (developing primarily between the ages of twelve and sixteen). For this reason, there is no ‘best way’ to ‘best practice’; no right or wrong. Rather, there is a great exchange of fluidit y between concepts, principles and practices that should be implemented on an individual basis. This is as true of coaching adults (clients) as it is of coaching youngsters where Jennifer Rogers (2007:7-10)[3] has outlined six core principles that ‘define’ the role of the coach in the modern era. These are: The client is resourceful (the coach’s sole aim is to work with the client to achieve all of their potential – as defined by the client). The coach’s role is to spring loose the client’s resourcefulness. Coaching addressing the whole person: past, present and future. The client sets the agenda. The coach and the client are equals. Coaching is about change and action. The common denominator outlined by Rogers is that coaching is always triggered by change – be it a change in age, in circumstance, in style or technique. Furthermore, because change is the currency in which the coach does business, there is bound to be wildly fluctuating styles of coaching that fit wildly different social and cultural contexts and it is towards these different styles and contexts that attention must now be turned. The effectiveness of different styles of coaching in different contexts It has been shown that the evolution of young people greatly affects the implementation of coaching methods pertaining to the precarious balance between coaching the individual and the group dynamic. This is necessarily dependent on the kind of sport being coached: team sports such as football require a dedication to the team ethic while sports such as tennis and golf stress the individual element of competition. Sports such as cricket combine the team ethic with a heavy emphasis upon individual ability, certainly with regards to batting, which is a very solitary skill that requires intensive levels of concentration and individualism (Palmer, 1999)[4]. Thus, in the first instance, effective coaching requires the practitioner to tailor his or her coaching style to the sport in question and then to further tailor these coaching techniques to the age group of the team or individual being coached. This inherent diversity in coaching styles is also true of the economic context of coaching adults. Certain sports require greater levels of economic participation than others. Golf, for example, is an expensive sport that demands that the participant is well funded so as to purchase the necessary equipment such as clubs, bags, clothing and, most importantly, membership to a golf club. The same can be said of tennis and cricket where the equipment is a vital part of the ultimate success or failure of the technique of the client in question. Economic context is also important with regards to the psychological element of coaching with the social, cultural and political problems of urban poverty playing an important part in the types of coaching techniques which are likely to yield the best results from any given demographic. There can be no doubt that a coaching style employed for a group of middle class practitioners with free access to capital, time and resources is going to be marke dly different from the kind of coaching style deployed for children and adults who do not have access to the same luxuries and who therefore are going to respond to different coaching techniques. Economic context, demographic context and age context are further compounded by the increasingly common problem of multiculturalism and, specifically, globalisation, which has obvious consequences for teachers, mentors and coaches operating at all levels of society throughout the UK. When one thinks, for instance, of the impact of language upon coaching (relaying tactics, pointing out areas of strength and weakness, and, most significantly, attempting to instil a team ethic) one can see the extent to which the role of the coach is inexorably intertwined with the fate of mass movement of peoples across the planet in the twenty first century. As Jones (1997:27) declares, â€Å"there is no more important task within the wider coaching process than that of communication.†[5] Bains and Patel (1994) have long pointed out the blatant under‑representation of Asians playing professional football in England despite some areas in the Midlands and the North-West of England having u rban areas with a higher than 50% ratio of ethnic communities. â€Å"Recent Sport England national statistics confirmed that people of South Asian origin have markedly lower participation rates than other minorities or the indigenous population.† (Collins, 2003:75)[6] This anomaly with regards to the high numbers of Asians living in modern Britain and the disproportionately small number of Asians playing football, it has been argued, is due to coaches indulging in outmoded stereotyping when it comes to coaching players from the Asian community. Asians are still seen as primarily academic achievers over sports players and where they are perceived as sports players they are still pigeon‑holed in typical Asian images of cricket players; rarely are they ever seen as potential professional footballers. Likewise black players are still seen as primarily quick, powerful players; rarely, the tactical brains or the spiritual heartbeat of the side. This cultural element to sports coaching is exacerbated by the historical gender divide between males and females in a sporting context. Here, just as with ethnic people, stereotypes remain the dominant coaching paradigm. Girls and women are expected to play traditionally female sports such as netball, hockey, lacrosse, swimming and tennis. This, however, is in direct opposition to the growing numbers of women playing traditionally male‑dominated sports such as rugby, cricket and football with the latter in particular experiencing a veritable boom in female interest since the beginning of the 1990s. â€Å"A generation ago, sport was a core, patriarchal institution in a larger, contested gender order. Now, with the dramatic growth of girls’ and women’s athletics participation, sport no longer simply or unambiguously plays this reactionary role in gender relations. Sport is now more internally contested.† (2002 introduction xxii)[7] It is, in the final analysis, up to the sports coach to take each of these mitigating factors and contexts into account so that the practitioner is able to coach skills and techniques that are relevant to the contemporary era as opposed to perpetuating anachronistic stereotypes that do little to advance civilised society in both a sporting and non‑sporting context. How models of coaching can help practitioners Studying different models of coaching represents the scientific element of sports mentoring whereby the student and practitioner can attempt to explain the essence and purpose of coaching via the development of models (Fairs, 1987:17-19)[8]. It can be separated into two distinct camps: the ‘of’ coaching camp and the ‘for’ coaching camp. Models ‘of’ coaching are based upon empirical research investigating best practice while the ‘for’ coaching models are idealistic representations that arise from attempts to identify a concrete set of assumptions about the coaching process. The majority of practitioners tend to employ a symbiosis of the two models incorporating an ‘of’ and ‘for’ model of best practice. In this way, empirical data can be used in a realistic setting that takes into account the age, skills and other contexts that affect the coaching process. However, these two models of coaching underline the e xtent to which academia and intellectual analysis has come to dominate the empirical study of sports performance when in fact the first hand experience of established practitioners ought to form the basis of all models of coaching sports. The difference, essentially, comes down to one of theory and practice with the concept of ‘expertise’ necessarily clouded by the arguments of the academics and the professionals respectively. Once again, though, the individual element of the coaching process must be highlighted so as to reflect the inherent complexity that takes place within the field of sports with vastly differing levels of skill and ability being matched by the vastly different psychological reactions to slumps in form and technique. It is, ultimately, up to the national governing sports bodies to ensure that the primacy of holistic coaching practice does not become relegated at the expense of literature, theory and academia (Lyle, 1999:1-24).[9] For this reason, organisations such as Sport England have been established by the central government in a bid to impose a centralise model for sports development on regionalised sports bodies so as to directly influence and aid practitioners. The primary model deployed by Sport England is the â€Å"traditional sports development continuum† – a pyramid which locates foundation as the core, base value followed in hierarchical terms by participation, performance and, finally, excellence (Bramhan et al, 1999:3). This generic model is dovetailed by more advanced models for practitioners to use with athletes at a professional or elite stage in their sports. As is so often the case it is the Australians who represent the pinnacle of academic research into the coaching process with the revolutionary ‘Old Way, New Way’ technique correction model offering an intensive ‘one session’ approach to the problem of proven performers suffering seemingly inexplicable dips in form and technique with the case of Australian fast bowler Jason Gillespie standing tall as the most prominent example of therapeutic success achieved via sports practitioners embracing new means of solving old problems. ‘Old Way, New Way’ is consequently a manifestation of the much sought after collaboration between academic researchers and sports practitioners which works on a psychological as well as a physical level in a bid to continue the sportsperson’s quest for skill development and continuous technical improvement. References Bramhan, P., Hylton, K., Jackson, D. and Nesti, M. (1999) Introduction, in, Bramhan, P., Hylton, K., Jackson, D. and Nesti, M (Eds.) Sport Development: Policy, Process and Practice London and New York: Routledge Collins, M.F. (2003), Social Exclusion from Sport and Leisure, quoted in, Houlihan, B. (Ed.) Sport and Society: a Student Introduction London: SAGE Fairs, J. (1987) The Coaching Process: The Essence of Coaching, in, Sports Coach Journal, Volume 11, Number 1 Jones, R.L. (1997) Effective Instructional Coaching Behaviour: A Review of Literature, in, International Journal of Physical Education, Volume, 24, Number 1 Lyle, J.W.B. (1999) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice, in, Cross, N. and Lyle, J.W.B. (Eds.) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice for Sport Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Messner, M.A. (2002), Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press Palmer, G.V. (1999) Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics London: Gary Palmer Penney, D. (2000) Physical Education: In what and who’s Interests? , in, Jones, R.L. and Armour, K.M. (Eds.) Sociology of Sport: Theory and Practice London and New York: Longman Polley, M. (1998) Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945 London and New York: Routledge Rogers, J. (2007) Coaching Skills Buckingham: Open University Press 1 Footnotes [1] Polley, M. (1998) Moving the Goalposts: A History of Sport and Society since 1945 London and New York: Routledge [2] Penney, D. (2000) Physical Education: In what and who’s Interests? , in, Jones, R.L. and Armour, K.M. (Eds.) Sociology of Sport: Theory and Practice London and New York: Longman [3] Rogers, J. (2007) Coaching Skills Buckingham: Open University Press [4] Palmer, G.V. (1999) Cricket Coachmaster: Batting Mechanics London: Gary Palmer [5] Jones, R.L. (1997) Effective Instructional Coaching Behaviour: A Review of Literature, in, International Journal of Physical Education, Volume, 24, Number 1 [6] Collins, M.F. (2003), Social Exclusion from Sport and Leisure, quoted in, Houlihan, B. (Ed.) Sport and Society: a Student Introduction London: SAGE [7] Messner, M.A. (2002), Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press [8] Fairs, J. (1987) The Coaching Process: The Essence of Coaching, in, Sports Coach Journal, Volume 11, Number 1 [9] Lyle, J.W.B. (1999) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice, in, Cross, N. and Lyle, J.W.B. (Eds.) The Coaching Process: Principles and Practice for Sport Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann

Ireland :: essays research papers

The Northern-Irish conflict Kort om konflikten i Nord-Irland. The Northern-Irish conflict dates back to not only one, but probably several historical incidents. 1170 In 1170, Henry 2 of England attempted to attach Ireland to his kingdom. He did not succeed, but established control in a small area outside Dublin. For the remaining Irish clans, England now became their major enemy and threat, against their customs and way of life. 1609 By the end of Queen Elisabeth’s reign, military conquests had established control in most parts of Ireland, with the exception of the northern province of Ulster. The Ulster clans had succeeded in creating an effective alliance against Queen Elisabeth’s armies, but was eventually defeated and brought under English rule. English colonists settled in these areas and by 1703 less then 5 per cent of the land of Ulster belonged to Catholics Irish. The native people of Ulster remained in the conquered areas, but were gradually expelled from the land that they used to own. The result of the settling of Ulster was the introduction of a foreign community, which spoke a different language, represented another culture and way of life. In addition, most of the newcomers were Protestants, while the native Irish were Catholic. This probably added a new dimension to the conflict. The next two centuries, differences between Protestants and Catholics increased. The Irish monarchy, parliament and government based in Dublin, enforced several new laws against Catholics. In 1801, in an attempt to increase the direct control of Ireland, the Irish government were abolished and it’s responsibilities taken over by England. During the 19th century several movements tried overthrowing the new government. Some using legal measures and some uses physical force to achieve their goal. During Easter week an armed rising attempted to overthrow the government, but failed. Their leaders were killed, creating sympathy for the IRA and Sinn Fein, its political wing. In the 1918 election, Sinn Fein replaced the old Irish parliamentary parties, and established its own Irish parliament. The following War of Independence between Britain and the IRA was eventually ended by a treaty signed in 1920. The treaty also confirmed the northern counties of Ulster as protestant land. Now, roughly speaking, the Catholics lived in the southern parts of the country and the Protestants in the northern. 1969 By the 1950s there were growing signs that some Catholics were prepared to accept equality within Northern Ireland. This, despite of the unfair treatment they had received from the Protestants during the last decades.

The Theme of Community in the Open Boat Essay -- American Literature S

Stephen Crane's Theme of Community Stephen Crane is well known in the literary world for his many underlying themes. In Stephan Crane's "The Open Boat," one of the many themes that can be seen is that of community. He brings to life the importance of the each individual's role in the group setting. Crane uses a dire situation in which men's lives are in the hands of each other to show that without group togetherness no one would make it. He shows the group being given false hopes from outside forces but, how in the end the group must band together for survival and not rely on anything but themselves. "The Open Boat" is one of Crane's best known works. Throughout the story, paralleling an actually event in his life Crane brings the reader inside the minds of his characters. By letting the reader see what each individual character is feeling, the sense of needing a community can be felt. Stephan Crane's life was not long, but with his time he accomplished much. Crane's use of the community theme can easily be linked to his own personal experiences. He was born in Newark New Jersey in 1871 as the 14th child of a Methodist minister. His father died while Crane was still a young child. He attended two years of college. After his short college career Crane lived in a medical boarding house in New York City. There he started his freelance writing. In 1893 he published his first book, Maggie: Girl of the Streets. Throughout these earlier years in his life he also wrote Red Badge of Courage and The Black Rider, along with many other works. In 1879 Crane attempted to do journalistic reporting on the insurrection of Cuba. On his voyage the ship the Commodore sunk, leaving him to float to safety in a lifeboat. It is from this experienc... ...4th, 2003] Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/c/crane_s19re.htm Works Cited Source: ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, American Literature on the Web Stephen Crane (1871-1900), [cited April 24th, 2003] Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/ishikawa/amlit/c/crane_s19re.htm Crane, Stephen "The Open Boat" in Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay 4th Ed. Robert Di Yanni (New York, New York, 1998) Stephan Crane's "The Open Boat", [cited April 24th, 2003] Available on the World Wide Web: http://sites.unc.edu/storyforms/openboat/community/index.html

Slavery in America: The Beginning of the Civil War Essay -- Slave Slav

Slavery in America: The Beginning of the Civil War Should humans be autonomous or responsible? In other words, should they follow the convictions of their own hearts or surrender their ideals to another power presumed to be superior in its wisdom? This dilemma between autonomy and responsibility presents itself constantly. The struggles over abortion, euthanasia, and drug legalization are perfect examples. In each of these cases, individuals are either pushing for stronger individual rights (the freedom to make decisions regarding their own lives) or a stronger stance on the behalf of their government (to legally prevent individuals from making bad decisions). When looking at the civil war in America the dilemma over autonomy vs. responsibility is an interesting one. Its uniqueness is highlighted when looking at the question: to whom are they responsible. In 1776, the United States declares their freedom from Great Britain. Rather than remaining responsible to the British government, who was suddenly attempting to control them, representatives from the thirteen colonies of America sign the Declaration of Independence. While laying out the framework for this independence, numerous debates arise over the question of slavery. Despite opposing viewpoints over this issue, the Declaration of Independence is signed with slavery remaining intact. By leaving the issue of slavery unresolved in the Declaration of Independence, America’s future would rest upon an institution with an unsteady foundation. This quandary ultimately sets the stage for a number of inevitable conflicts culminating in South Carolina’s secession from the Union and a great civil war. â€Å"Was a civil war inevitable over slavery in America? No. A w... ...nneth C., Don’t Know Much About the Civil War, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1996. Pg. 31. [iii] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 29. [iv] Keifer, Joseph Warren, Slavery and Four Years of War, New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1969. Pg. 37. [v] Leland, Charles Godfrey, Abraham Lincoln and the Abolition of Slavery in the United States, New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1879. Pg. 49. [vi] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 25. [vii] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 14. [viii] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 27. [ix] Jackson, Andrew, in Slavery and Four Years of War, pg. 54. [x] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 119. [xi] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 152. [xii] Leland, Charles Godfrey, pg. 110. [xiii] Davis, Kenneth C., pg. 176. [xiv] Africans in America, The New York Tribune, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/narrative.html.

American Lit: Anne, the Author to Her Book, Mistress Bradstreet Essay

In â€Å"Anne,† begin with The Author to Her Book, which evidently was written as the epigraph to the second edition of her collection of poems. What of her personality as a woman comes through in the poem? In â€Å"The Author to Her Book† It is immediate that the reader knows that a woman and a mother wrote this piece. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth did’st by my side remain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This sentence sets the stage for everything that would come next about her from staying by her side while children, to going out into the world with friends, and becoming adults and moving out of the house. Threw the middle of the poem, lines 5-10, you can tell that she is unhappy with her children for what is unclear but â€Å"brat† and â€Å"cast thee by as one unfit for light† can’t be a good sign. The last two lines though you can tell she will always love her children but she has to let them go. For a mother in that time period, especially a mother of 8, you can really get the sense of how much of an up and down ride I was to raise so many children and all the responsibility’s that when along with it. †¢In â€Å"Mistress Bradstreet†, what poems show her in her social life as the wife of a high official? From reading â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House† I can gather that she was a wife of a high official or that she had had any money is to be new to Virginia she and her husband had many thing you wouldn’t think would be in a typical pilgrims home. Things that were burn such as a trunk, table and her stores even though she doesn’t really describe her stores, these alone would tell you that she was better off than most even before the mention of â€Å"pelf† which meant money or wealth. Works Cited George Perkins, B. P. (2009). The American Tradition in Literature. New York: McGraw Hill.

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Pantheism Essay

During the 17th century the people were preoccupied with the belief that the world has a grand design and behind it is a designer who knows and sees all things. This belief was the mechanistic world view in which the designer being pertained to is God. God is the omniscient being, supreme in intellect as well as other aspects. Thus, everything that takes place has a reason and will ultimately lead to something of great lengths. While this theme was popular in the said era, it has been found that even earlier philosophers have already considered seeing a supreme being as the biggest decision maker for all the occurrences and existence. This supreme being is the unmoved mover as stated by Aristotle and the uncaused cause as according to St. Thomas Aquinas’ theory. One of the most popular analogies for this world view is the Watchmaker God analogy. The watchmaker God analogy is used for explaining the existence of God. In this analogy, the watchmaker is God and the watch being created is the world and all who inhabit it. The analogy states that as it is with making clocks, everything in the world was systematic. People exist in places because just like a missing piece, the clock will not function without it. Furthermore, just like a watch, thee world works by combined effort of the parts. Everything is mechanical and based on an intelligent design (Paley). Many people immediately accepted the said analogy especially during the 17th century because this was the era of scientific understanding, and rationality among all faculties of man is the most exercised. By the entry of new philosophers, however, a different world view was introduced. Ralph Waldo Emerson and his theory One of the famous theorist who emerged after the era of the mechanistic world view is Ralph Waldo Emerson. An essayist, poet, and a philosopher, Emerson’s argument became popular in the mid 1900s. Among his theories, transcendentalism earned him the most recognition. Transcendentalism is both a political and philosophical movement. Unlike the mechanistic world view in which man serves as a part of a clock with a very important role to play in order for the entire universe to function, transcendentalism promotes the individuality of a person. It states that the universe functions on its own and each aspect of the universe has a mind of its own, which it uses in order for continued existence. Transcendentalism also contradicts the theory proposed that God is the designer behind the intelligent design of the universe. Rather it states that God is one with the universe and as nature continue to evolve, so does god. Furthermore, Emerson implied that the higher reality is found not only by the usage of human reason but through sense experience (Emerson). From this, it may be gathered that Emerson’s theory directly contradicts the points of the mechanistic world view. The man upholds the power of individual intuition and the sense of self. Instead of accepting that God is the unmoved mover as expressed by Aristotle, he insists that God moves with the world. While the universe is indeed a grand design, Emerson argues that God is not just a designer who fixed people in a certain position. Rather god is present in all that exists. Thus, in being one with nature and all individuals, people are communing and being one with God, not just acting according to the design but purely based on innate confidence on the self (Emerson). Emerson as a pantheist From the given arguments of Emerson as oppose to the mechanistic world view, many conclude that somehow, the poet-essayist-philosopher is a pantheist. This hypothesis may be enforced by looking through the description of a pantheist. According to Owen, pantheism is the philosophy wherein God is believed to be one with the universe. The supreme being is identical with nature and all that exists. In addition, the philosophy insists that everything exists is only one being, which is God. Thus, communing with nature is communing with the supreme being. Putting this in parallel with the transcendentalism theory, Emerson claims that indeed there is God within all existing being. In addition, each being is not placed in a certain position by a designer, instead that person exists as through a person accord. God is not a designer behind everything but a part of the system, part of nature. This points that Emerson is a pantheist. Conclusion From the given facts, it may be drawn that the 17th century saw the emergence of powerful rational minds, which led to the acceptance of the mechanistic world view. This view insists that god is the designer of the complexity of the universe. This world view is put in an analogy called the watchmaker god, wherein God is the watchmaker and the watch is the entire universe. By the entry of the 19th century, however, the theory was contradicted by transcendentalism pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In Emerson’s theory, he argued that God is not but a designer but part of the entire design. This makes him a pantheist, given that pantheism proposes that God is part of nature, moves and evolves with it. This, completely agrees with Emerson’s theory and disagrees with that of the theories of the 17th century, which were founded on rationality. Works Cited Baym, Nina. â€Å"The Norton Anthology of American Literature†. 1998. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Transcendentalism: And Other Addresses†. 1923. Oxford. New York. Paley, William. â€Å"Natural Theology -Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity Collected from the Appearance of Nature†. 1802. Wilks and Taylor, London Owen, H. P. â€Å"Concepts of Deity†. 1971. Macmillan. London

Filipino Nationalism

The opening of the Philippines to world trade rapidly developed the Philippine economy. Many Filipinos prospered overnight. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from the new economy with the rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities. Some Europeans immigrated to the Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's Zobel de Ayala family and prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from the French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines, usually not ethnic Filipinos. In the early 19th century, the Suez Canal was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The small increase ofPeninsulares from the Iberian Peninsula threatened the secularization of the Philippine churches. In state affairs, the Criollos, known locally as Insulares (lit. â€Å"islanders†). were displaced from government positions by the Peninsulares, whom the native Insulares regarded as foreigners. The Insulares had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves Los hijos del pais (lit. â€Å"sons of the country†). Among the early proponents of Filipino nationalism were the Insulares Padre Pedro Pelaez, archbishop of Manila, who fought for the secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars; Padre Jose Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero Jose Rizal; and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the Indios (possibly referring to Insulares and mestizos as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response, the Insulares came out with Indios agraviados, a manifesto defending the Filipino against discriminatory remarks. The tension between the Insulares and Peninsulares erupted into the failed revolts of Novales and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 which resulted to the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the Marianas and Europe who would continue the fight for liberty through the Propaganda Movement. The Cavite Mutiny implicated the priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (see Gomburza) whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next generation of Filipino nationalists, in particular Paciano Rizal, elder brother of Jose Rizal, who then dedicated his novel, El filibusterismo to the these priests.

A summary of wal-mart chapter

Wal-Mart, the largest corporate organization in the world and the largest employer in the private sector in the United States, is a success story in the corporate world.The history of Wal-Mart dates back to the year 1962. Initially, it was a single store which was the initiative of one Sam Walton who has since died. It has weathered the storm of competition and has now grown in size to a worldwide corporation. Walton had at the time of starting Wal-Mart opened 20 stores which were competing against 250 from Kmart.Walton was dynamic in operating the organization. He made sure that he maintained the principles of marketing and those of customer satisfaction, a factor that made Wal-Mart become the single biggest retailer worldwide.International sales have been increasing at an impressive average of 13 percent, which is a dream for any company or any corporation anywhere in the world, no matter how large it is. In the year 2000, Wal-Mart realized an increase of 46 percent in internationa l sales which translates to 16.8 percent of all the corporate sales combined.This corporation however has its shortcomings in the way it relates with its employees and the obligations to its corporate responsibilities. On the part of human resource, Wal-Mart gives its employees lows benefits even though they add great value to the corporation, and health benefits have been lost. Wal-Mart does not consider the values of the grassroots community but rather of more importance to it is profit together with economic growth.Wal-Mart’s contribution to the local communities is enormous given that it employs many people. When it opens a new outlet, it employs people from the surrounding local community and in this way it improves the living conditions of the people from these communities.Given the current rate of unemployment and job losses, Wal-Mart has taken the lead role in solving this problem and has helped many people who otherwise would not have been in any form of gainful empl oyment to at least get something to do for the sustenance of their lives and those of their dependants.  But there is the negative side to this employment issue. Wal-Mart has for all the years been an insensitive employer. Besides poor pay, the working hours are inconsistent and this is a great inconvenience to the workers. Long working hours and unpredictable working schedule characterizes the experiences the employees of Wal-Mart have to go through.This retail outlet giant has made it a rule that its employees should not join any labor organization or union of any kind.Several attempts by the workers’ representatives to force Wal-Mart allow them to join labor organizations have all come cropper. Court cases have been ruled in favor of the employer to the detriment of the employee, and this seems not to bother the management of Wal-Mart.Wal-Mart has adopted capitalist as its politico-economic approach. This therefore means that in any venture, it is guided not necessarily by the interests of the general society or more specifically those of the local communities, but rather by what gains they stand to get from them in terns of profits from the investment.This is capitalism per excellence and this approach has made Wal-Mart to have an edge over its competitors, who seem to favor a combination of both reasonable profits and good conditions for the workers.Wal-Mart is not a good neighbor. It thrives on capitalizing on the weaknesses of and inability of its competitors. Five years after Wal-Mart enters into a new market, all the existing retail businesses start recording losses and others close shop.This leaves Wal-Mart to monopolize the market and therefore the customers have no alternative but to consume what is on offer at the Wal-Mart outlets. This amounts to monoculture as it thrives on cultural homogenization.It manages to draw away attention from a local competitor by selling its commodities at very low prices, in fact at prices below the actual p rice making it impossible for any other business, however strong and committed it may be, to lose out and leaving Wal-Mart to dominate the market.This homogenization is actually due in part to confusion. While its intention on the one hand is to ensure that it has an upper hand in the market share, it also genuinely thinks that this is good corporate practice (Jacques et al pp 7-10).

Critical Review Paper Expansion Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical Review Expansion - Term Paper Example Their views are important for international political thought, because they influenced present international political economy theories and helped paved the debate on political ideology, particularly shaping the discourse on the concept of â€Å"civil society† and the rise of nation-states vis-a-vis â€Å"civil society.† Kant, Rousseau, Locke and Hobbes have diverging views on the relationship between the government and civil society, as well as the notions of slavery, sovereignty, direction of international politics, and peace, but they share somewhat similar beliefs in the role of education and the state of nature of humanity. Locke and Hobbes have diverging views on the relationship between the government and civil society. Hobbes believes that Europe has changed as a civil society through the evolution of the social contract. The Commonwealth only exists because of the Covenant between the people and the government or the state. Hobbes says in the Leviathan: â€Å" Essence of the Common-wealth; which (to define it) is ‘One Person, of whose Acts a great Multitude, by mutual Covenants one with another, have made themselves every one the Author, to the end he may use the strength and means of them all, as he shall think expedient, for their Peace and Common Defense.’† This statement shows that the main goal of the government is to ensure peace and national defense. The covenant or social contract, however, for Hobbes is absolute, where the state incorporates the wills of the individuals; the state is the body and individuals are just parts of it: â€Å"The only way to erect such a Common Power† is â€Å"to confer all their power and strength upon one Man, or upon one Assembly of men, that may reduce all their Wills, by plurality of voices, unto one Will† (Hobbes). This statement underscores that the social contract binds all individuals. On the one hand, it enforces plurality of wills. On the other hand, it means the precedence of the state over civil society. Locke confirms the same views as Hobbes and argues that Europe also changed because of the need for the social contract. Unlike Hobbes, Locke believes that people take part of social contracts merely to help adjudicate disputes between individuals or groups. He says: â€Å"And this is done, where-ever any number of men, in the state of nature, enter into society to make one people, one body politic, under one supreme government†¦to make laws for him, as the public good of the society shall require†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Locke, Two Treatises on Government). From here, it is clear that Locke believes that it is the people or civil society that legitimizes the state; while for Hobbes, it is the government that legitimizes the existence of a peaceful civil society. My criticism of Hobbes is that he overlooks that the people make the government. The social contract binds the people, but the people can unbind some laws too in order to make the contract fit their changing needs and issues. I agree more with Locke, who reminds governments of their servitude to the civil society. It does not mean, however, that the civil society will also abuse its rights and fully void the social contract without due justifications. Moreover, Locke and Hobbes diverge on the notion of sovereignty. Locke argues that civil

International business in focus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International business in focus - Essay Example Section B: Identification of the Challenges Pestle Analysis Pestle Analysis will help in understanding the macro environmental issues (Lorat, 2009) Political The road tax has directly been linked to the total amount of emission and MOT (Merchant Over Time) has been increased. The Government has held a meeting with the automobile sector to decide about the rules and regulations related to this industry. Economic Presently the global recession has resulted in the financial crisis and has decreased the consumer purchasing power all over the world. Due to this crisis, Mercedes and various other car manufacturers are finding it difficult in increasing the revenue and profit of the companies. It has even resulted in the closure of plants by many automobile manufacturers. In this global crisis, the exchange rate between Euro and pound has resulted in high price of the cars in United Kingdom. This has decreased the sales of the company even more. Social The social environment can mainly be c ategorized into the following categories: a) Age, b) Gender, c) Income. Mercedes products have been mainly targeted for the middle aged customers. The products are not popular to that extent among the youngsters because of high price of the cars. The overall high expenditure related to the Mercedes products is the reason behind targeting the middle and high income people. As the products do not offer different range of prices starting from high price to low price for covering all classes of the society, the products do not target low income consumers. In the present situation of economic recession, this strategy is creating various challenges for the company. Technological Mercedes adds advanced technological details like air bags, shatter proof windscreens, crumple zones, collapsible steering columns etc. Use of these technologies has allowed the company in manufacturing safer cars. The plant efficiency is increasing with time. Various new production methods have been introduced fo r improving the efficiency. The facility of e-commerce and Gizmos has helped in upgrading the technology advancement. Environmental The European Union has planned to bring a new legislation which states that the average carbon dioxide emitted from the European cars must not exceed 130 g/km by the year 2015. This might be a reason of increasing concern for the company. Legal The company has maintained good relationship with the government by following the legal framework of the country. The imposition of higher tax might increase the threat of the company. Porter’s Five Forces The industry analysis of Mercedes Benz will help in understand the competitive intensity in the automobile industry (Porter, 1980; 1985; Ahlstorm and Bruton, 2009) 1) Rivalry among the existing firms The rivalry among the companies in the market where Mercedes is operating is intense. The big competitors of Mercedes Benz are BMW, AUDI, JAGUAR, ALFA ROMEO, ASTON MARTIN. Thus all big players provide their best offerings to the customers to seek their attraction. The increased rivalry has resulted in all these firms producing similar types of products, and expanding their operations into other segments like offering financial services, various alcoholic products etc. Thus the rivalry from the existing firms is very high. 2) Threat of new entrants Presently the threat of new entrants is low in the market segment where Mercedes Benz is performing its business operations. This might be because of the

Meat Cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meat Cloning - Essay Example According to Bartholet (2011), the repulsion to meat cloning results from some people’s objection to genetically modified products. The study by Mattick & Allenby (2013) indicates that a fear of potential competition for ranching is what makes people object to meat cloning. This fear is underpinned by the potential that meat cloning has to produce meat in large scale hence the possibility of overtaking and overshadowing conventional meat production. The high cost of establishing meat-cloning technology is the aspect cited by Omholt (2008) and Bartholet (2011) as the important economic consideration to meat cloning. This draws from the scarcity and high cost of the ingredients required to grow meat in the laboratory. Bhat & Bhat (2011) endorse fungi as one of the meat cloning media that can be sustainable. These authors advise that the solution to the high cost of meat cloning lie in the recyclability of the media used. Edwards (2010) propose that technology improvement would b oost the establishment of meat cloning. This is because improved technology would make it more efficient and economical.The current literature documents the moral and economic considerations associated with meat cloning. A few studies propose ways that can help address moral issues separately from economic issues. This study recognizes lack of a single way of addressing both considerations concurrently. It seeks to fill this gap by proposing an integrative approach to addressing these issues.

Rite of Passage in the Western Culture Research Paper

Rite of Passage in the Western Culture - Research Paper Example At every important point of a person’s life, a rite of passage helps in the transition from one phase to another. The concept of rite of passage has appealed to many sociologist and anthropologists such as Arnold van Gennep who formed the term rite of passage and gave the different ceremonies practised in different religions and societies, a common word. Gennep further categorized the three phases in three phases, namely separation, transition and incorporation. Gennep through studying the different ceremonies in different religions and societies had been able to find a common ground in all these ceremonies by studying the underlying concept in these rites of passage. Rite of passage in different races, religions and societies differ but they usually celebrate the same events in an individual’s life but in different ways. Similarly, the rite of passage of the west differs from that of the east and the rite of passage of Christianity differs from that of Islam. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the concept behind the rite of passage and the western ways of conducting rites of passage. Rite of passage can be likened to Shakespeare’s ‘Seven ages of man’, where a man changes drastically from one stage of another. From the time an individual is born to the time when he is buried, the rite of passage helps him in a smooth movement from one transition to another. According to Victor Turner, rites of passage can be divided into two broad categories, those that ‘accompany the passage of a person from one social status to another and (those that) mark recognized points in the passage of time, such as new year, new moon, Passover and so forth’ (Klingbeil, 2007). Thus rites of passage are both religious and social. Religious rite of passage includes the rituals that are carried forward from endless times and differ in each religion to a certain extent. One can find similarities between the  religious rites of passage of different religions in the way that they celebrate the same events.  

Financing Government Operations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financing Government Operations - Research Paper Example It is amongst the seven counties, and the nine cities which form part and parcel of the Hampton Roads metro area. Norfolk Virginia is bordered on the Northern side by the Chesapeake Bay and on the Western side by the Elizabeth River. On its Sothern side, Virginia Beach shares its borders with the cities of Chesapeake, and on its Eastern side, it borders the Virginia Beach. Norfolk Virginia is regarded as the cultural, financial, and urban center of the Hampton Roads (Rose, 2000). The city of Norfolk Virginia has a long historical background as an important strategic transportation and military point. It hosts the largest naval military base in the world, that is, the Naval Station Norfolk. It also hosts two important strategic command headquarters of NATO. It is also a transportation hub, and this is mainly because it has the headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway. This is a company that operates one of the North’s America Class I railroads (Rose, 2000). This city is also the headquarters of Maersk Line Limited. This is a company that manages the largest fleet of the flag vessels of United States. As a city that is bordered by a variety of water bodies, Norfolk has a number of many miles of bayfront property, and riverfront. This situation makes it very attractive for tourism. Some of the world’s attractive tourism destinations are found in the regions that are surrounded by water bodies, and this includes countries such as Egypt, Venice, etc (Rose, 2000). Therefore, one of the public policies that the government of North Virginia can seek to develop and implement is on the methods of improving tourism in the country. This paper seeks to analyze the various sources of revenue for the government, and how it can fund tourism projects in the city of Norfolk Virginia (Rose, 2000). Furthermore, this paper seeks to describe the restrictions that are placed on those sources of revenue, and how public policy decisions normally affect the receipt of those

Thoreaus philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoreaus philosophy - Essay Example The war that took place in the year 1846-1848 has already been forgotten but somehow in some ways it was inferred as the aftermath of Uncle Sams apprehension of Manifest Destiny. The term manifest destiny was invented by a journalist and later on became a nationalist rallying cry (Mannion). Thoreau believes that the government should only impose rules that are in line with morality and it has to take into account ethical activities that will reflect a positive image on behalf of the whole country. For him, the war was unjust since its intention was to cause harm to the Mexican people (Snyder 83). On a personal note, it is never right to lead a war; in fact, it can fuel more conflict if the war gets worst. It can cause harm, not only to the soldiers, but also to the lives of the innocent people. The Mexican War is one part in history where the hunger for power is being clearly manifested. The United States determination to enter and own a territory that was never theirs is purely an immoral act. It is immoral because it is wrongful, and it is immoral because it forced people to participate in the war through the paying of taxes although their conscience tells them not to, for the reason that the government is ordering them to do so (Cummings). The main character in this situation is the government. The government that obliges all people to follow all that is written in the law. Thoreau dreams that the universal law can be applied with the individual. Moreover, he has emphasized that "government is best which governs not all" (Snyder 83). The most prominent contribution of Tho reau to world history is his stand to fight for what he thinks is right, and that is not to support the US government in its war against Mexico. Although criticized by government for his civil disobedience, Thoreau stood by his word. Men are not blinded by the reality that wars are still occurring between nations, at present. Weapons of mass destruction are still being created to destroy

How Parents Treat Sons And Daughters Differently Essay

How Parents Treat Sons And Daughters Differently - Essay Example This child then becomes the adult of the society, and the subsequent domino effect for the creation of all prejudices, biases and polarity comes into existence. Taken objectively, because essentially the male and female child are intrinsically very different, it is virtually impossible even for the most passionate of parents to claim that they have sustained a just rule for all. The study finds its rationale in the fact that it is essential to understand where the root cause of discrimination is embedded within the human behavior, as it later on goes on to produce social, economic, religious and moral prejudices within the human community - a reality that is causing all the unrest in out world. There quite a few studies, which have worked on this project. "In the United States, a person's gender has affected the level of education she is likely to receive, the occupation she will take up, and the wages she will be paid" (Blau 1998, U.S. Department of Education 2000). Morgan, Lye, and Condran (1988) discover that sons reduce the risk of marital disruption by 9% more than do daughters. In the same domain, Dahl and Moretti (no date) find that having a girl considerably affects marriage and divorce rate; being 3.4% less likely to be living with her father compared to a first-born son. Some studies have found that "fathers interact more with infant sons and are more engaged with adolescent sons than daughters" (Barnett and Baruch 1987). There is also accord among researchers that fathers spend less time in childcare than mothers do (Pleck and Masciadrelli 2004). METHODS In order to gain a basic insight into the issue, a study was designed which would give an idea about the issue. The results would help us understand whether the incidence of this problem is existence or is it just an academic model. Participants The volunteer participants of the study were 25 pairs of brothers and sisters. They were different in sibling order, and even in the total number of siblings. But from every family, one son and one daughter were selected. For 25 families, the total number of participants thus came out to be 50. The inclusion criterion was children aged from 4 to 12. They were not told about the exact of the study, so that their biases and preconceived notions would not come into play. Also, the same tool was given to all of them, seeking their opinion about how they thought their parents treated them, in general. Procedures The tool used was a specifically designed questionnaire that would measure up to the basic requirements within the household, school and neighborhood of children aged 4-12. as literacy and cognitive understand would be an obvious issue, therefore the questionnaire was administered to all of them through an interview, wherein the standardized items were asked from all the participants in isolation. It is very important to mention here that as children are well under-aged to make their own legal and rational decisions, therefore an undertaking was also signed by their parents which would admit them participating in this study. The exact scope of the study was told to the parents. Dependent Measures The questionnaire itself addressed issues of psychological, sociological, familial, economic and

Report on Herbal Medicine Essay Example for Free

Report on Herbal Medicine Essay 1. Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout history, In 2735 B.C., the Chinese emperor Shen Nong wrote an authoritative treatise on herbs that is still in use today. 2. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80% of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. indeed, about 25% of the prescription drugs dispensed in the United States contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material. 3. Today, research confirms that the herb boosts the immune system by stimulating the production of disease-fighting white blood cells. 4. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74% are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. 5. Herbs take many forms like capsule, tablet, tea, tincture, bath, compress, poultice and ointment. 6. Like any kind of remedies Herbs have advantages and disadvantages you have to ask your Doctor before take any of it, Generally Herbs dont have any serious dangerous on our health thats the reason why millions of people use it around the world. Conclusion Scientific experts and users of the Herbs are divided about its benefits. However, Herbal medicine is considered to be safe. Recommendations 1. Any medicine herbal or otherwise has the potential to have a adverse effects (or side effects). 2. Herbal medicines can also interact with other medicines you are taking. This could result in reduced or enhanced effects of the other medicines, including side effects. If you are consulting your doctor or pharmacist about your health or are about to have surgery or an operation, always tell them about any herbal medicines you are taking. 3. As with all medicines, keep herbal medicines out of the sight and reach of children.

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Rohal Dahl’s short story, ‘Lamb to the Slaughter’, set in the early 20th century, isn’t your typical crime-fiction story, a murder is brewing. As the detectives strive for answers, eating away their only clue, Dahl communicates to the reader that the contrast is unexpected. A housewife, Mary Maloney, is expecting her husband home after a long day at work; unaware to the news he carries with him. Dahl never reveals the news to the readers, but gives them clues by Mary’s reactions. As the author continues the story, the readers sense a mood between Mr. and Mrs. Maloney. This serves the purpose of foreshadowing by hinting at a future problem or disagreement. Dahl uses several writing techniques such as language style, characterization, point of view, plot structure and setting to make the story more exciting and enjoyable. Lamb to the Slaughter, is written in their person to take most of the character’s personal feelings out of the story. Writing in third person is a stronger, more forceful type of writing because the main points and events stand out them selves without feelings getting in the way. One of the reasons authors write in third person is to dis-include themselves from the story. By using words like they, she and he, Dahl has excluded both himself and the reader from the story, creating a stronger, more enjoyable story. The first character introduced in the novel is Mary Maloney. Because it is only a short story, Dahl has left most of the physical features of the character out and focused more in the idiosyncrasies and actions of each character. Along the way Mary’s features are described but not in dept. Another way characters are revealed is by the way others react to them and how much emotion each character puts in their speech. Dahl has made sure that the readers feel intrigued by Mrs. Maloney’s character and how she changes from such an innocent woman to an emotionless murderer.

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology

Relationship Between Naxalism and Psychology General Psychological operation is as old as war. It has formed a part of the conflict resolution process since the ancient times. CH Brewitt Taylor in his translation of a Chines text as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, observes that, as early as in AD 2000 a group of pro Han loyalists combined basic elements of psychological instrument, in conflict resolution. Kautalya and Sun Tzu also enumerated the importance of psychology as an instrument of war. One could also postulate that the institution of reward and punishments, in amongst other things, as being a psychological motivator. Naxalism on the other hand is basically about convincing people by psychological means using violence or threat of violence as a tool. It belongs in the realms of psychological and mental attitude of all the people involved. Thus, when naxals perpetuate violence they expect reactions of all concerned. If reactions are not forthcoming, naxalism will collapse for want of effect. This is an oversimplification of a solution for naxalism. Actions, violent or otherwise, are bound to elicit reactions from the victims, the onlookers or the sate apparatus. The question than is what should be the reaction to naxal acts? While no single method is likely to yield results, psychological operations would have a major impact. The fact that naxalism is a problem in the psychological plane, the solution should also lie in the same plane. The naxals uses violence for propaganda and in turn the government seeks to control naxalism through repressive means. The collateral consequence is the public displeasure. What needs to be considered is that the very nature of naxal violence often seems counterproductive in that it tends to strengthen resistance, provide public outrage and dislike, generate strong public perception of naxals to be inhuman, which undermines the naxals claims to legitimacy. Therefore, understanding the naxals, the victims, the onlookers and the counter terrorist force from the psychological point of view becomes important. Consequently, counter propaganda campaign and other psychological operations assume primacy to maintain or extend support to the regime and diminish that for the naxals. Statement of the Problem Naxalism has wide spread in last five years in a big way posing a major  challenge to our national security. In addition to relentless anti Naxal  operations being undertaken and development of affected areas there is a need  for perception management of all key players involved by employing suitable  psychological operation themes so as to cut off local support to the Naxalites  there by forcing them to give up arms and join the national mainstream.   This dissertation will seek to establish the linkages between naxalism and psychology with a view to analyse impact of psychological operations on dealing with naxalism Justification for the Study Naxalism today has gained universality. This social plague while physical in most of its manifestations is actually firmly entrenched in the mental plane. Responses to naxalism, particularly in the Indian context, have been unstructured without a long-term design. The issue has been viewed either as a law and order problem or in the other end of the spectrum, as a political problem. Added to the complexity of naxalism, we have today in our country, on going war like low intensity conflict in J K, insurgency in the Northeast and political groups of Naxalites and fundamental organisations like SIMI. However, our response to each of these groups has been identical repressive measures. No effort is made to understand the ideology of the groups. A clear understanding of the cause of the groups and characteristics of each would enable application of distinct strategy to combat them. Scope The dissertation will lay emphasis on naxalism and its field of influence. It is presumed that the dictates of psychological operations, with minor modifications would find application in all other forms of terrorism. HYPOTHESIS Employment of suitable Psychological Operation Themes for perception management of all key players in addition to relentless use of force and development activities is the key to solving the problem of Naxalism in India. Preview The dissertation will endeavour to establish the correlation of naxalism and psychological dimensions of naxals. Having done so, the impact and importance of psychological operations on combating naxalites will be crystallised. The study will encompass: (a) Analyses of reasons for spread of Naxalism. (b) Current strategy of Government in dealing with Naxalism. (c) Identification of Targets for conduct of Psychological operations . (d) Suggested Themes. Sources of Data The data used in this dissertation has been obtained from books and magazines available in the College library and personal experiences of operating in Counter Insurgency environment. The bibliography is at appendix. CHAPTER 2 Step by Step, almost imperceptibly, mankind has descended into the age of terror. Paul Johnson GENESIS OF NAXALISM Naxalism derives its name from a small village Naxalbari in Siliguri District of West Bengal, where the oppressed landless farmers rose against the exploitation by the wealthy landlords. The Naxalites, despite their  ideology, have over the years become  just another terrorist outfit, extorting money from landowners. There are concerns that there is a plan to set up a Red Corridor or a Compact Revolutionary Zone extending from Nepal , Bihar , Jharkhand , through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to Andhra Pradesh. Apathetic Government Policy; Consolidation and Spread of the Movement The Government, however, classified these as socio-economic and law and order problems and not as possible internal security threats. Thus, a myopic view of the issue was taken and long term effects or intentions of the movement were ignored. The formation of The Communist Party of India (Maoist), an underground outfit on September 21, 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) and the Maoist Communist Centre(MCC) was the biggest breakthrough in recent times. The map below, displays the spread of Naxal activity in India from 55 districts in the middle of the year 2003.   In addition to the 131 districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites, and the additional 34 districts that are being targeted by them, there are at least another 63 districts in the country variously afflicted by different patterns of ethnic or communal terrorism and insurgency. This takes the number of districts afflicted by terrorism and insurgency to 228, out a total of 602 districts in the country. More than a third of the country is, consequently, suffering from high degrees of present or potential disorder. CURRENT STATUS Expansion and Consolidation A total of 39 left wg extremist gps are known to exist, of which the PWG and MCC are the two main gps. These two gps have maj ideological differences, yet in order to have greater influence and bargaining power they announced the merger on 21 Sep 04 to form the Communist Party of India CPI (Maoist). Naxalism has spread to 170 dists of 15 states in varying deg. It is esmt that CPI (Maoist) has approx 7000 cadres of which 3000 are hardcore and well trained in GW. Dandakaryna and Abhujmadh Naxalites op in the very heartland of India, known as the Dandakaryna region which spreads over Chhattisgarh, Orissa, AP, Maharastra and MP. The heart of this region is the thickly forested area of Abhujmadh which is approx 10,000 sq kms. This area till date has not been surveyed by the Svy of India. Nearly 20,000 tribal families live in this area in 237 vills in the most primitive manner. There are no rds or electricity in this area. The Naxalites treat it as a totally liberated area and a large No. of trg and lgs camps are loc inside. It is the nerve centre of all Naxalite activities to incl Central Committee and Politburo mtgs. Compact Revolutionary Zone (CRZ) The Maoist of Nepal, PWG and MCC are determined to carve out what they call as the CRZ extending from Nepal through Bihar and then to Dandakaryna region upto Tamil Nadu to give them access to Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. This Red corridor is characterized by thick jungles, tribal belts and under devp region spread over nearly 13 states of the country and Nepal. The Naxalites and Maoists of Nepal use this corridor for mov of arms and est of trg and rest camps. FACTORS SUSTAINING THE MOV In order to find a response to the problem of Naxalism, it is essential to understand the fundamental causes and the factors which are sustaining the mov. Land Reforms. Majority of the people emp in agriculture are landless and poor, they aspire to possess land and this has resulted in a struggle against the rich and powerful landlords. Naxalites exploit this sentiment and have found favour among the tribals. Ideology. The ideology works at two levels :- (a) The Informed and Knowledgeable. The well educated and knowledgeable join the mov attracted by the Marxist, Leninist and Maoist philosophy. They provide the ldrship. (b) The Instinctive Revolutionaries. Majority of the Naxals join the mov to find an escape from the oppression and expl at the hands of landlords, govt officials and police forces. These people constitute bulk of the cadre and are normally ignorant about ideology. Tribal Policies. British adopted the policy of Isolation of Tribals in order to preserve their uniqueness and cultures but we continue to follow their policy in the name of preservation. This has led to neglect, under devp and expl of the tribals. New Forest Policy. The forest areas have been notified under Forest Regulatory Act thus denying the tribals their traditional means of livelihood. Lack of Infrastructure Devp. The areas affected by the naxal mov are very rich in forest and mineral resources and yet has not seen any infrastructure devp. The lack of rds, brs, power, industry etc has left the area under devp and poor. Inadequate Governance. In many of these areas there is no governance at all. The civ adm just do not exist. The govt officials do not vis these areas and hence the grants, funds and schemes announced by the govt are never implemented. This has allowed the Naxalites to run a parallel govt in these areas. The prac of holding Jan Adalats, land distr, constr of irrigation facilities, tax collection by the Naxals is very common. Favourable Trn Jungles and Hills. The area selected by the Naxalites spreading from Nepal to Tamil Nadu is a thickly forested. This makes the task of the police forces that much difficult. Financial Sp. The CPI (Maoist) genr approx Rs 500 to Rs 700 crores annually. This money is spent on payment to its cadres, purchase of arms and amn, running of frontal org and institutions. The main source of funds is through extortion of wealthy industrialists, contractors, govt agencies and officials, looting of banks and by collecting taxes. RAMIFICATIONS OF NAXALITE PROBLEM Naxalism has the potential to become a major IS threat to India in the next four years, say by 2014, if serious efforts are not undertaken to challenge and eliminate it. The main reasons are:- (a) Effects of Merger Fmn of CPI (Maoist). The merger will have following implications :- (i) Larger Foot Print. CPI (Maoists) has now emerged as the dominant LWE gp. It is forcing the other 37 LWE gps to either join CPI (Maoist) or be prepared to be eliminated. (ii) Enhanced Bargaining Power. As a dominant gp, it will have a far greater bargaining power with the govts in states and centre and try to legitimize its existence, policies and representation. (iii) Credible Mil Wg. It is estimated that the merger would increase the cadre str from 7,000 to approx 12 to 14,000. (iv) Financial Str. The merger would have great impact on finances of the org taking it from 150 to 200 crores to nearly 700 crores annually. (b) Recognition and World Wide Visibility. The Naxals are trying desperately to find a voice in international forums so as to get world wide recognition and acceptance. (c) North South and East West Corridor. A disturbing, pattern emerges if one were to look at the districts currently under the influence of the Naxalites. They might soon gain a continuous presence along the length and breadth of the country and thus carve out a north-south and east-west corridor.   naxalitPART 3 : se Current strategy of Government in dealing with Naxalism. To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence, supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemys resistance without fighting SunTzuezpolicy comprise the following the Government will deal sternly with the naxalites n(ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, the  policy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously on  strategy STRATEGY TO DEAL WITH NAXALISM The Government has a clearly defined policy to combat the challenge  posed by the naxalite menace. This policy comprises the following  components: (i) The Government will deal sternly with the naxalites indulging in  violence. (ii) Keeping in view that naxalism is not merely a law order problem, the  policy of the Govt., is to address this menace simultaneously on  political, security, development and public perception management  fronts in a holistic manner. (iii) Naxalism being an inter-state problem, the states will adopt a collective  approach and pursue a coordinated response to counter it. (iv) The states will need to further improve police response and pursue  effective and sustained police action against naxalites and their  infrastructure individually and jointly. (v) There will be no peace dialogue by the affected states with the naxal  groups unless the latter agree to give up violence and arms. (vi) Political parties must strengthen their cadre base in naxal affected areas  so that the potential youth there can be weaned away from the path of  naxal ideology. (vii) The states from where naxal activity/influence, and not naxal violence,  is reported should have a different approach with special focus on  accelerated socio-economic development of the backward areas and  regular interaction with NGOs, intelligentia, civil liberties groups etc.  to minimize overground support for the naxalite ideology and activity. (viii) Efforts will continue to be made to promote voluntary local resistance  groups against naxalites but in a manner that the villagers are provided  adequate security cover and the area is effectively dominated by the  security forces. (ix) Mass media should be extensively used to highlight the futility of naxal  ideology and violence and loss of life and property caused by it and  developmental schemes of the Government in the affected areas so as  to restore peoples faith and confidence in the Government machinery. (x) The states should announce a suitable transfer policy for the naxal  affected districts. Willing, committed and competent officers will need  to be posted with a stable tenure in the naxal affected districts. These  officers will also need to be given greater delegation and flexibility to  deliver better and step up Government presence and above all improve  governance in these areas. (xi) The Government of Andhra Pradesh has an effective surrender and  rehabilitation policy for naxalites and has produced good results over  the years. The other states should adopt a similar policy. (xii) The State Governments will need to accord a higher priority in their  annual plans to ensure faster socio-economic development of the naxal  affected areas. The focus areas should be to distribute land to the  landless poor as part of the speedy implementation of land reforms,  ensure development of physical infrastructure like roads,  communication, power etc. and provide employment opportunities to  the youth in these areas. (xiii) Another related issue is that development activities are not undertaken  in some of the naxalite affected areas mainly due to extortion, threat or  fear from the naxalite cadres. In these areas, even contractors are not  coming forward to take up developmental work. Adequate security and  other measures would need to be taken to facilitate uninterrupted  developmental activities in the naxal affected areas. (xiv) The Central Government will continue to supplement the efforts and  resources of the affected states on both security and development fronts  and brings about greater coordination between the states to successfully  tackle the problem. 5. COUNTER MEASURES While the overall counter action by the affected states in terms of naxalites killed, arrested, surrendered and arms recovered from them has shown much better results in 2005, there is an urgent need to further improve and strengthen police response particularly by the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Maharashtra by improving actionable intelligence collection and sharing mechanisms and strengthening their police forces on the pattern of Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh. Even as the states of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to some extent, need to sustain their present momentum of effective counter action against the naxalites and their infrastructure. The Government has taken the following measures to control the naxal problem. Modernization of State Police Funds are given to the States under the Police Modernization Scheme to modernize their police forces in terms of modern weaponry, latest communication equipment, mobility and other infrastructure. The naxal affected States have also been asked to identify vulnerable police stations and outposts in the naxal areas and take up their fortification under the Scheme. However, some of the States need to improve the level of utilization of funds under the Scheme. Revision of Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme in February, 2005. The level of reimbursement under the Scheme has been raised from 50% to 100% and new items like insurance scheme for police personnel, community policing, rehabilitation of surrendered naxalites, expenditure incurred on publicity to counter propaganda of naxalites, other security related items not covered under the Police Modernization Scheme etc., have been covered. The Scheme also allows release of funds to the naxal affected States as advance. It is hoped that the revised scheme will enable higher level of utilization of funds under this Scheme. Supply of Mine Protected Vehicles Keeping in view the increased casualties of police personnel due to IED/land mine blasts, the naxal affected States have been provided Mine Protected Vehicles (MPVs) under the Police Modernization Scheme. Their supply has been streamlined by taking up the matter with the Chairman, Ordinance Factory Board. Long-term deployment of Central Para Military Forces In order to supplement the efforts of the States in providing an effective response to the naxal violence, Central Para Military Forces have been deployed on a long-term basis as requested by the affected States. The Central Government has also exempted the states from the payment of cost of deployment of these forces for a period of three years from 1-7-2004 involving an amount of nearly Rs. 1,100 crores. India Reserve Battalions The naxal affected States have been sanctioned India Reserve (IR) battalions mainly to strengthen security apparatus at their level as also to enable the States to provide gainful employment to the youth, particularly in the naxal areas. Recently, additional IR battalions have also been approved for the naxal affected States. The Central Government will now provide Rs. 20.75 crores per IR battalion as against the earlier amount of Rs. 13 crores per battalion. The States have been asked to expedite raising of these battalions. Deployment of SSB along Indo-Nepal Border In order to ensure that there is no spillover effect of the activities of Nepalese Maoists to our territory, SSB has been given the responsibility to guard Indo-Nepal Border. The Government has also recently sanctioned new raisings for the SSB to further improve management of borders in these areas. A modernization plan involving an outlay of Rs.444 crores has also been sanctioned for the SSB. Recruitment in Central Para Military Forces In order to wean away the potential youth from the path to militancy or naxalism, recruitment guidelines have been revised to permit 40% recruitment in Central Para Military Forces from the border areas and areas affected by militancy or naxalism. Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) Since the naxalite menace has to be addressed on the developmental front also, the Central Government has provided financial assistance of Rs. 2,475 crores for 55 naxal affected districts in the 9 States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal under the Backward Districts Initiative (BDI) component of the Rsahtriya Sam Vikas Yojana (RSVY). Under this Scheme, an amount of Rs. 15 crores per year has been given to each of the districts for three years so as to fill in the critical gaps in physical and social development in the naxal affected areas. The Planning Commission has been requested to include other naxal affected areas under their proposed Scheme of Backward Regions Grant Funds (BRGF) for which an outlay of Rs. 5,000 crores has been set apart from this fiscal year (2005-06) onwards. Tribal and Forest elated issues In order to address the areas of disaffection among the tribals, the Government has introduced the Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005, in Parliament on 13.12.2005. Further, to facilitate social and physical infrastructure in the forest areas, Ministry of Environment and Forests has, as requested by the MHA, issued general approval to allow such infrastructure by utilising upto 1 hectare of forest land for non-forest purposes. That Ministry has also permitted upgradation of kutcha roads constructed prior to 01.09.1980 into pucca roads. Effective implementation of land reforms and creation of employment opportunities in the naxal areas Naxal groups have been raising mainly land and livelihood related issues. If land reforms are taken up on priority and the landless and the poor in the naxal areas are allotted surplus land, this would go a long way in tackling the developmental aspects of the naxal problem. The States have been requested to focus greater attention on this area as also accelerate developmental activities and create employment opportunities in the naxal affected areas with special focus on creation of physical infrastructure in terms of roads, communication, power as also social infrastructure such as schools, hospitals etc. 6. MONITORING MECHANISMS The Central Government accords a very high priority to review and monitor the naxal situation and the measures being taken by the states on both security and development fronts to control it. Several monitoring mechanisms have been set up at the Center to do so. These include a periodical review by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Of the naxal situation, Standing Committee of the Chief Ministers of the naxal affected states chaired by the Union Home Minister, Quarterly Coordination Center meetings chaired by the Union Home Secretary with the Chief Secretaries and the Directors General of Police of the affected states and the monthly Task Force meetings of Nodal Officers of naxal affected states/Central agencies chaired by Special Secretary (IS), MHA. The states have also been asked to hold a monthly review by the DGP and the naxal situation and the measures and strategies to contain the naxal problem . 7. CONCLUSION The Central Government views the naxalite menace as an area of serious concern. The Government remains firmly committed and determined to address the problem. The current strategy is (i) to strengthen intelligence set-up at the state level; (ii) pursue effective and sustained intelligence driven police action against naxalites and their infrastructure individually and jointly by the states and (iii) accelerate development in the naxal affected areas. The Central Government will continue to coordinate and supplement the efforts to the state governments on both security and development fronts to meet the challenge posed by the naxal problem. PART IV: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF  PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS The essential function of psychological operation is to insure peace and avoidance of human suffering due to war. Raj Narain General Liuebarger states that Psychological Warfare is waged before, during and after war, it is not waged against the opposing psychological warfare operators, it is not controlled by the laws, usage and customs of war and it cannot be defined in terms of terrain, order of battle, or named engagements. It is a continuous process. Success or failure is often known only months or years after the execution of the operation. Yet, success, though incalculable can be overwhelming and failure, though undetectable can be mortal. Statecraft instruments of economic and military interventions are physical and measurable. The instrument of diplomacy and psychology are obstructs which dwell in the realm of intellectual and emotional state of mankind. These instruments are used to win the hearts and mind. History of Psychological Operations One of the earliest know application of the art of psychological warfare was Gideons use of the lamp and pitchers in the battle against Midianites in 1245 BC. This type of use of unfamiliar instruments to incite panic in the enemy is common in the  history of warfare. In China, Empire usurper Wsng Mang tried to destroy the Hunnish  tribes. Han military emperor used animals to scare away the enemy. In about the same time, AD 2000, a group of loyalist pro Han rebels issued a proclamation on the eve of a military operation, which is even today the essence of psychological operation. The proclamation included: Naming the specific enemy. Appeal to the better people. Sympathy for the common people. Claim of support for the legitimate government. Affirmation of ones own strength and high morale. Invocation of unity. Appeal to religion. Probably, this was the first authentic structured psychological operations dictum. These forms a part of a text in Chinese, titled Chung, San Kuo Chih Yen-I by Lo Kuan translated as San Kuo or Romance of the three kingdom, by Brewitt Taylor. The concepts of psychological warfare are found in the writings of Herodotus the Greek historian. Ghenghis Khan during his campaign into South Eastern Europe used agents to propagate stories of the size of the army to magnify his strength in the minds of the enemy. In the Byzantine Empire, whole battalions were made to change uniforms and appear in front of select audiences in an attempt to exaggerate numbers. Closer home, the Ramayan and Mahabharat have vivid example of Psychological Warfare in the form of misinformation and guile, the killing of Abhimanyu and Drona being two such examples. The publication of Hebertss The Psychology of the Battlefield (1897) though still born, was the forerunner of modern psychological warfare. It was in World War I, to incite the challenge of soldiers leaving the battlefield, that psychological warfare saw  its true advent in the modern battlefield. During the inter war period the study in this field continued. Particularly, the Germans effort in establishing a Psychological Genera Staff Group which worked on themes such as leadership, selection, indoctrination, relation between officer and soldiers, homesickness, suicide, sex, the treatment of eccentrics, cowardice, desertion etc. The psychology of combat included work on aggression, morale, fear isolation and panic. During World War II military psychology was in centre stage. It saw application in the battlefield, on own troops as also on the warring nations civilian population. All this time, application of psychological operation in terrorism and other forms of low intensity conf lict have been unstructured. While a lot of work in this field is being carried out, no formalised stratagem has evolved. Definition of Psychological Operations Liuebarger defines psychological warfare as the use of propaganda against an army, together with such other operational measures of military, economic or political nature as may be required to supplement propaganda. Indian Army glossary is more apt in defining psychological operations It is the planned use of propaganda and other measures, designed to influence the opinions, emotions, attitude and behaviour of enemy, neutrals or friendly groups, in support of current policy and aims, or of a military plan. Need for Psychological Operations Even in territorial states the menace of terrorism cannot be wiped out by state muscle power alone, but reconciling with the political, cultural, economic aspirations of minorities. It would only than be feasible to isolate the misguided terrorist from public sympathy and social mainstream. West German GSG 9 strategy to hunt down Boader Mainboff group was kill the killer and it failed. The lack of success of GSG 9 was mainly due to the fact that Boader-Mainboff Group was small with little or no mass support, however, GSG 9 also did not find public acceptance of the strategy adopted. Terrorism uses the plank of psychology to gain acceptance of their cause. Therefore, countering the psychological impact of terrorism and strengthening the fortitude of the people to resist and fight terrorism are the most significant aspects of overall operations against terrorism. In the grand strategy of a campaign against terrorism, success in this sphere is more vital than even the police operations. The very nature of anti terrorist operations results in a number of counter productive consequences: Disproportionate use of force levels. Repressive methods leading to loss of civil liberties and in some cases fundamental rights. Injury and even loss of life of innocents. Extensive physical damage and more harmfully damage to the very socio-economic fabric of a society. The alternative strategy is the use of psychological operation as a compliment to reduce the virulence of military operations. Psychological operations have some distinct advantages in combating terrorism. As enumerated by Liuebarger, these are:- (a) Bring to attention of the soldier those elements of the human mind, which are usually kept out of sight. Convert lust to resentment, friction to distrust, prejudice to fury. (b) Set up techniques for finding out how the enemy really feel. Some of the worst blunders of history have arisen from miscalculation of the enemies state of mind. Help in maintaining sense of mission and of proportion. Examine the best media, timing and tone. Psychological operations are non-aggressive and non-lethal in nature. Unlike p